なぜか、今回の日本訳が荒くて、肩苦しく感じます。ごめんなさい。
For some reason, my translation feels stiff -- rough -- on this. My apologies.
We started with the pictures on p. 64 and the vocabulary and grammar for talking about how we respond to them, from element 2. After a bit of practicing as a class, and with our neighbors, we listened to track 1.39 and decided who was talking about which picture.
64ページの絵と自分の反応について話できる、要素２の単語と文法から始めました。クラス全体で、また隣同士練習したりしてから、トラック 1.39 を聞いて、誰がどちらの絵について話しているかを考えました。
Then we moved back to the homework on p. 58, elements 2 through 5 -- looking more at words that are similar, but not the same.
それから、宿題だった 58ページの要素２〜５に戻ってまた意味の似ていてもちょっと違う単語を見ました。
After that, we went to the pictures on p. 63 and talked about the activities in the box in element 2a. We checked which activities use which helping verbs, play, go, do, or none.
その後、 63ページの絵を見て要素 2a の活動を見て、 play, go, do のどちらの助動詞、また、どれでも使わないかを確認しました。
From there, we looked at the three definitions of "being creative" in element 4b of p. 64 and tried to decide as a class which we agreed with. Most of us partly agreed and partly disagreed with all three.
その次は 64ページの要素 4bの "being creative" （創造的・独創的になること）の定義を見て、同意できるかどうかをクラス全体で考えました。大抵は、ある程度同意、ある意味では同意できても、完全には同意できないと思ったそうです。
We listened to track 1.40 and, as a class, identified who said which phrases in element 5b on p. 65.
トラック 1.40 を皆で聴いて、クラス全体で 65ページの要素 5b の誰が何の文を告げたかを解決しました。
We also listened to track 1.41, as suggested in element 8, and practiced the "v" sound followed directly by the "b" sound.
そして要素 8 の提案にしたがってトラック 1.41 を聴いて "v" の直後 "b" の発音がくる単語を練習しました。
Then we picked our favorite activities from p. 63 element 2 and made sentences explaining why they were creative. After writing about three sentences pro, we took the con point of view and wrote more sentences explaining why or under what conditions the activities would not be creative. The two most common topics were music and cooking.
63ページの要素 2 の自分の好きな活動を選んで、その活動が創造的（独創的）になるわけを説く文章を作文しました。大体３文を書いたら、反対の視線から、つまり創造的ではないことや創造的ではなくなる場面や状況を説く文章を作文しました。一番共通に選ばれたトピックは音楽とお料理でした。
Then we decided what the homework would be:
それから皆で宿題を決めました。
We will have debates next lesson on these two topics, music and cooking, as to whether they are creative or not.
次回はこの二つのトピックの音楽またはお料理を取り上げて、創造的（独創的）なのかどうかを討論します。
Each student should choose one topic and prepare six sentences, three sentences for each side of the debate, whether the topic represents a creative activity or not.
どちらかを選んで、六つの文章、つまり討論の両側それぞれを説く３つずつを作文して来てください。詰まり、創造的であることを説く三つも、創造的ではないことを説く三つも作って来てください。
We'll choose sides and practice before presenting the debate next time.
次回、討論の側を決めてから練習して、討論を発表します。
Check out the sample debate, too.
討論例もご確認ください。
Don't think too hard about this. We aren't really trying to prove anything. We want to keep the debate fun.
あまり考え過ぎないでください。何んの議論も立証するつもりありません。楽しく話し合えるなら、それでよろしい。
Then those who could, stayed after and had some snacks and drinks (thanks again to those who brought them) and talked.
それで、残れた方だけでおやつをつまんだり、ジュースを飲んだり、話ばなししました。（持ってきてくれた方に感謝しています。）
Everyone have a happy new year. I look forward to seeing you all again.
皆さまはよいお年を、お迎えできますように。また次回を、よろしく。
Tuesday, December 24, 2013
Saturday, December 21, 2013
Zero and First Conditionals -- 第０や第一条件付き文 (updated)
The first thing that you should understand is that the concept of zero, first, second, and third conditionals is not universally accepted as grammatically useful. That said, let's try to understand the concept.
先ずは、学問者の中には、この "zero/first/second/third conditional" と言う概念を利用しない学問者がいます。それを置いて、この概念を理解してみましょう。
(I'll keep working on this.)
First conditionals are what you usually think of when you think of the word, "if":
大体、 "if" という言葉を考えると、この「第一条件文」のことです。
一般に、
If {condition} [then] {result}.
もし｛選択肢｝［を満たせば］｛結果｝
"If" introduces the conditions, and then you state the results or consequences. Both the conditions and the results/consequences are considered occurring in the future. Thus a first conditional presents a choice that can be taken or set aside.
"If" からは条件の選択肢、その後は結果を云う。選択肢も結果も将来にくるとします。したがって、第一条件文は選択肢があって、その選択肢をとることもやめることもできます。
In a second conditional sentence, the condition is hypothetical, generally a condition believed to be false:
第二条件文では、条件は理論上の条件です。その上、条件を満たしていないと思われるのが普通です。
条件の動詞が過去形ですが、現在を説明しているのです。想定の結果は現在か将来にあったはずに思われる。
In a third conditional sentence, the hypothetical condition is in the past, and the result should have been either past or present.
第三条件文では、条件が過去に在って、結果は過去か現在に在ったはず。
第二も第三条件文も、実は理論の誤謬（失敗した理論）の発言です。要因になるかどうかが解明できない事情に関係を見つけるつもりです。
Zero conditionals are statements of rules using conditional grammar. (Validity is a separate question.)
第零条件文は、条件文を使ってルール（法則）の言明を告げるつもりです。（妥当性は別の問題です。）
授業に取り上げた例をもう一度見てみましょう。
-----------------------------
Unless I help you, I can't expect you to help me.
助けてあげなければ、助けてもらうのは期待できないでしょう。
(It's a rule more than a choice. -- Zero conditional?)
I'll buy a new jet as soon as I win the lottery.
宝くじを当たれば、すぐジェット飛行機を買います。
(Winning the lottery really isn't a choice, but it's presented as one. First conditional?)
（宝くじを当たることは無いけど、この文章ではあり得るように云っています。）
I'll study this weekend if my friend doesn't call.
その友人からの連絡が無い場合、週末は勉強します。
(First conditional.)
If you eat too much candy, you'll catch a cold.
飴チャンを食いすぎると風邪をひくのよ。
(Zero conditional.)
If there is enough time before classes, I'll swim five kilometers.
クラスとクラスの間に時間が充分在れば、5キロメートル泳ぐんだ。
(First conditional.)
I'll go on holiday next month unless we can't finish this report.
この報告書を完成できない場合に限って、来月は休暇を取ります。
(First conditional.)
I'll change my mind when the moon turns to green cheese.
お月様がグリーンチーズに変わったらこの決断をやめる。
(Zero conditional.)
----------------------
But, as you can see, much depends on point of view and ways of thinking. Most of the above could be interpreted differently.
ご覧の通り、視線や考え方によるものがけっこうあります。以上の文は以上の解釈意外の解釈もあります。
The purpose in looking at these is to understand that conditional grammar can be used for other things than options.
この概念を見るのは、条件文は選択肢以外に利用できることを理解するためです。
先ずは、学問者の中には、この "zero/first/second/third conditional" と言う概念を利用しない学問者がいます。それを置いて、この概念を理解してみましょう。
(I'll keep working on this.)
First conditionals are what you usually think of when you think of the word, "if":
大体、 "if" という言葉を考えると、この「第一条件文」のことです。
If you study hard today, I'll let you watch Gintama tonight.Generalizing,
もし、今日、しっかりと勉強してくれるなら、今夜は銀魂を見てもいい。
一般に、
If {condition} [then] {result}.
もし｛選択肢｝［を満たせば］｛結果｝
"If" introduces the conditions, and then you state the results or consequences. Both the conditions and the results/consequences are considered occurring in the future. Thus a first conditional presents a choice that can be taken or set aside.
"If" からは条件の選択肢、その後は結果を云う。選択肢も結果も将来にくるとします。したがって、第一条件文は選択肢があって、その選択肢をとることもやめることもできます。
In a second conditional sentence, the condition is hypothetical, generally a condition believed to be false:
第二条件文では、条件は理論上の条件です。その上、条件を満たしていないと思われるのが普通です。
If I understood math better, I could get into eXtremely Famous University.The verb in the condition clause is past tense, but it describes the present. The assumed result should be present or future.
もし、数学理解がこれほど不足していないモノではなかったら、極名大学に入れるのではないのか。
条件の動詞が過去形ですが、現在を説明しているのです。想定の結果は現在か将来にあったはずに思われる。
In a third conditional sentence, the hypothetical condition is in the past, and the result should have been either past or present.
第三条件文では、条件が過去に在って、結果は過去か現在に在ったはず。
If I had turned left instead of right, I wouldn't be lost right now.Second and third conditionals are actually assertions of logical fallacies, trying to establish causal relationships to things that aren't necessarily so.
たとえ、右ではなく、左に曲がったとしたら、今は迷っていませんでしょう。
第二も第三条件文も、実は理論の誤謬（失敗した理論）の発言です。要因になるかどうかが解明できない事情に関係を見つけるつもりです。
Zero conditionals are statements of rules using conditional grammar. (Validity is a separate question.)
第零条件文は、条件文を使ってルール（法則）の言明を告げるつもりです。（妥当性は別の問題です。）
If you get up early, you can make it to school on time.So, let's look at some of the examples I presented in class:
早く起きたら学校に間に合うでしょう。
授業に取り上げた例をもう一度見てみましょう。
-----------------------------
Unless I help you, I can't expect you to help me.
助けてあげなければ、助けてもらうのは期待できないでしょう。
(It's a rule more than a choice. -- Zero conditional?)
I'll buy a new jet as soon as I win the lottery.
宝くじを当たれば、すぐジェット飛行機を買います。
(Winning the lottery really isn't a choice, but it's presented as one. First conditional?)
（宝くじを当たることは無いけど、この文章ではあり得るように云っています。）
I'll study this weekend if my friend doesn't call.
その友人からの連絡が無い場合、週末は勉強します。
(First conditional.)
If you eat too much candy, you'll catch a cold.
飴チャンを食いすぎると風邪をひくのよ。
(Zero conditional.)
If there is enough time before classes, I'll swim five kilometers.
クラスとクラスの間に時間が充分在れば、5キロメートル泳ぐんだ。
(First conditional.)
I'll go on holiday next month unless we can't finish this report.
この報告書を完成できない場合に限って、来月は休暇を取ります。
(First conditional.)
I'll change my mind when the moon turns to green cheese.
お月様がグリーンチーズに変わったらこの決断をやめる。
(Zero conditional.)
----------------------
But, as you can see, much depends on point of view and ways of thinking. Most of the above could be interpreted differently.
ご覧の通り、視線や考え方によるものがけっこうあります。以上の文は以上の解釈意外の解釈もあります。
The purpose in looking at these is to understand that conditional grammar can be used for other things than options.
この概念を見るのは、条件文は選択肢以外に利用できることを理解するためです。
Friday, December 20, 2013
Christmas Party!
We do have permission to stay after class this time for a Christmas party! We can use the room for an extra half an hour or so.
Snacks and drinks are allowed. You should bring your own and maybe some to share. (I can't eat most snacks, so I hope you'll pardon me for abstaining.)
Of course we must be careful not to be messy, and to clean up after ourselves.
I'll bring lyrics to some Christmas songs.
Look forward to seeing you all!
Snacks and drinks are allowed. You should bring your own and maybe some to share. (I can't eat most snacks, so I hope you'll pardon me for abstaining.)
Of course we must be careful not to be messy, and to clean up after ourselves.
I'll bring lyrics to some Christmas songs.
Look forward to seeing you all!
Thursday, December 19, 2013
Words with Similar Meanings (Money) -- （お金関連）似た意味の単語
Junpei likes credit cards because he can use them without thinking. If he doesn't have enough money in the bank account, he can pay it back later, with interest. Credit cards are especially useful when buying midnight snacks, he says.
純平はクレジットカードを考えずに使えるのが楽に思っています。銀行の口座に十分のお金がなければ、後で返せばいいです。利子が付きすが。得に便利なのは、真夜中のおやつを買うときだと言っています。
Junko prefers debit cards because they don't incur interest. Also, because she has to put the money in before she uses the card, it helps her plan her use of money.
純子はデビットカード利子が付かないのが好きです。それに、カードを使う前にお金を先に入れる必要は、お金を計画的に使うのを助けるのです。
Junko bought a new dress at BiQlo with her debit card. The store gave her a receipt. The receipt says that she has paid for the dress.
純子、デビットカードを使ってバイクローで新しいドレスを買いました。お店にリシート（領収書）をもらいました。リシートは支払い済みになっていることを示しています。
Junpei bought a new laptop computer at Photobashiya Camera with his credit card. The store gave him a receipt, but fterwards he got a bill from the credit card company. The bill says that he must pay for the computer.
純平はクレジットカードを使って新しいラップトップコンピュータをフォト橋屋キャメラで買いました。お店にリシートをもらいましたが、その後はクレジットカード会社から請求書をもらいました。請求書は払わないといけないことを示しています。
Junpei went to London and bought a sandwich with a hundred euro note. He received a ten euro note, a five euro note, and fifty cent (euro) coin and a one cent (euro) coin in change.
純平はロンドン市に行って、百ユロー札を出したサンドウィッチを買いました。セントは百分の一です。この英語から、両替は何ユローでした？
Junko went to Hawaii and bought a sandwich with a twenty dollar bill. She received a ten dollar bill, a five dollar bill, and a half dollar (US) coin and a one cent (US) coin in change.
純子はハワイに行って、２０ドル札を出してサンドウィッチを買いました。この英語から、おつりは何ドルでした？
Junko drove from Tokyo to Osaka in six hours. She was caught speeding by the police near Itami city and had to pay a large fine.
純子は車に乗って、６時間で東京から大阪まで行きました。伊丹市の近辺に、速度違反で警察に捕まえられ、大罰金を払わないとダメでした。
Junpei road the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka. His train fare was much cheaper than Junko's fine. But he fell asleep and woke up at the Kobe station and had to pay a small fine for riding beyond his fare.
純平は新幹線で東京から大阪まで乗りました。電車代は純子の罰金よりずっと安かったのです。しかし居眠ってしまってやっと神戸駅で起きたので、乗り越しのために少しの罰金を払うことになりました。
Junko and Junpei got married. The price of Junko's wedding dress was 180,000 yen. She used her debit card. The rental fee for Junpei's tuxedo was 40,000 yen. He charged it to his credit card. The wedding ceremony cost 475,000 yen, including the fees for the officiator and the rent for the wedding chapel. Junpei paid for it in cash. The fees for recording the marriage at the town offices ran to about 2,000 yen.
純子と純平は結婚しました。純子のウェディングドレスの価格は１８万円でした。純子はデビットカードを使って払いました。純平のタキシードは４万円でレントしました。純平はクレジットカードを使って払いました。結婚式は、司会者と式場のレントの費用を含めて４７万５千円ほどかかりました。純平は現金で払いました。役所で、結婚の届出などの手数料はおよそ２千円かかりました。
For the honeymoon, they went to Hawaii and London. The hotel in Hawaii gave them a twenty percent newlywed discount. The hotel in London did not have a newlywed reduction. There were ghosts at the hotel in London, so they asked for a refund. But the hotel manager refused, saying the ghosts were part of the atmosphere, and part of the price.
ハネムーンに、ハワイとロンドンに行きました。ハワイのホテルは新婚割引をの祝いをくれたけど、ロンドンのホテルは新婚割引がなかった。幽霊が居ったから返金を頼んだけれども、マネジャーは幽霊がそのホテルの雰囲気の一分だったし、値段に含まれていたと説明して断りました。
So they played Uno with the ghosts until midnight.
真夜中まで幽霊と Uno を遊びました。
純平はクレジットカードを考えずに使えるのが楽に思っています。銀行の口座に十分のお金がなければ、後で返せばいいです。利子が付きすが。得に便利なのは、真夜中のおやつを買うときだと言っています。
Junko prefers debit cards because they don't incur interest. Also, because she has to put the money in before she uses the card, it helps her plan her use of money.
純子はデビットカード利子が付かないのが好きです。それに、カードを使う前にお金を先に入れる必要は、お金を計画的に使うのを助けるのです。
Junko bought a new dress at BiQlo with her debit card. The store gave her a receipt. The receipt says that she has paid for the dress.
純子、デビットカードを使ってバイクローで新しいドレスを買いました。お店にリシート（領収書）をもらいました。リシートは支払い済みになっていることを示しています。
Junpei bought a new laptop computer at Photobashiya Camera with his credit card. The store gave him a receipt, but fterwards he got a bill from the credit card company. The bill says that he must pay for the computer.
純平はクレジットカードを使って新しいラップトップコンピュータをフォト橋屋キャメラで買いました。お店にリシートをもらいましたが、その後はクレジットカード会社から請求書をもらいました。請求書は払わないといけないことを示しています。
Junpei went to London and bought a sandwich with a hundred euro note. He received a ten euro note, a five euro note, and fifty cent (euro) coin and a one cent (euro) coin in change.
純平はロンドン市に行って、百ユロー札を出したサンドウィッチを買いました。セントは百分の一です。この英語から、両替は何ユローでした？
Junko went to Hawaii and bought a sandwich with a twenty dollar bill. She received a ten dollar bill, a five dollar bill, and a half dollar (US) coin and a one cent (US) coin in change.
純子はハワイに行って、２０ドル札を出してサンドウィッチを買いました。この英語から、おつりは何ドルでした？
Junko drove from Tokyo to Osaka in six hours. She was caught speeding by the police near Itami city and had to pay a large fine.
純子は車に乗って、６時間で東京から大阪まで行きました。伊丹市の近辺に、速度違反で警察に捕まえられ、大罰金を払わないとダメでした。
Junpei road the Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka. His train fare was much cheaper than Junko's fine. But he fell asleep and woke up at the Kobe station and had to pay a small fine for riding beyond his fare.
純平は新幹線で東京から大阪まで乗りました。電車代は純子の罰金よりずっと安かったのです。しかし居眠ってしまってやっと神戸駅で起きたので、乗り越しのために少しの罰金を払うことになりました。
Junko and Junpei got married. The price of Junko's wedding dress was 180,000 yen. She used her debit card. The rental fee for Junpei's tuxedo was 40,000 yen. He charged it to his credit card. The wedding ceremony cost 475,000 yen, including the fees for the officiator and the rent for the wedding chapel. Junpei paid for it in cash. The fees for recording the marriage at the town offices ran to about 2,000 yen.
純子と純平は結婚しました。純子のウェディングドレスの価格は１８万円でした。純子はデビットカードを使って払いました。純平のタキシードは４万円でレントしました。純平はクレジットカードを使って払いました。結婚式は、司会者と式場のレントの費用を含めて４７万５千円ほどかかりました。純平は現金で払いました。役所で、結婚の届出などの手数料はおよそ２千円かかりました。
For the honeymoon, they went to Hawaii and London. The hotel in Hawaii gave them a twenty percent newlywed discount. The hotel in London did not have a newlywed reduction. There were ghosts at the hotel in London, so they asked for a refund. But the hotel manager refused, saying the ghosts were part of the atmosphere, and part of the price.
ハネムーンに、ハワイとロンドンに行きました。ハワイのホテルは新婚割引をの祝いをくれたけど、ロンドンのホテルは新婚割引がなかった。幽霊が居ったから返金を頼んだけれども、マネジャーは幽霊がそのホテルの雰囲気の一分だったし、値段に含まれていたと説明して断りました。
So they played Uno with the ghosts until midnight.
真夜中まで幽霊と Uno を遊びました。
Wednesday, December 18, 2013
The 6th Lesson in Outline (14th December)
Again, we missed those who were too busy to come. Don't forget to come to the next class. (How were your tests, recitals, games, meets, etc.?)
また何人かが欠席して、残念に思いましたが、次回は是非忘れないでください。（試験、試合、発表などはどうでした？）
We started with page 59 element 1 as a bit of a preview, looking at pairs of words with similar meanings, and checking the differences.
最初はちょっとのプレビューとして 59ページの要素１に、似た意味の単語のペアを見て、その違いを考えました。
Then we returned to the homework on page 57, working through elements 6 - 9 as a class and trying to understand zero and first conditionals.
それで 57ページの要素６〜９を皆で確認し、条件文の第０と第一の場合を解こうとしました。
There was no one in the office, so I had to ask the custodial staff to turn the heating on.
事務所に誰もいなかったため公務員に暖房を付けるように頼みました。
There was no one in the office, so I had to ask the custodial staff to turn the heating on.
事務所に誰もいなかったため公務員に暖房を付けるように頼みました。
Then we listened to track 1.37, worked through the article on page 60 as a class, and listened to track 1.37 again. And we discussed the value of the expensive projects and items mentioned in the article in groups.
それから、トラック 1.37 を聞いて、 60ページの記事を皆で解いて 1.37をまた繰り返し聞きました。グループになって記事の高額な規格や品の価値を話し合いました。
Homework was elements 2 - 5 on page 59.
59ページの要素２〜５を宿題としました。
There was a suggestion for a class Christmas party. Unfortunately, I have not been able to clear using the classroom for such a purpose at this point. Please stay tuned.
クラスクリスマスパーティの提案はありましたが、申し訳ないことですが、部屋の利用については許可がまだとれていません。わかる次第お知らせします。
Thursday, December 12, 2013
Persuasion and Selling -- 誘導と売買 (updated)
- persuasion => 説得
- inducement => 誘導
But, here, "persuasion" is used more as a synonym for "inducement".
しかしここでは "persuasion" を「説得」の意味よりも、「誘導」のような意味に使っています。
Page 56 was basically all about the three articles with the orange background on p. 56, p, 77, and p. 78.
56ページはほとんど、 56, 77, 及び 78 ページの、橙色背景の3記事の内容を取り上げるものでした。
Here are some example answers to element 1:
要素１の見本答えの例文：
For 1.1:
Some supermarkets will tell you that their prices are cheaper than other supermarkets. Some supermarkets will tell you that their quality is better. Some will try to convince you that they have both cheap prices and good quality.
あるスーパーは、自分の値段が他よりも低いことを主張します。また、スーパーによって、品質を主張することがよくあります。また、あるスーパーは値段が低いことも品質が高いことも同時に納得させようとします。
Salespeople will try to convince you that you need something. If that fails, they may try to convince that they need you to buy from them because you can trust them.
営業人はその商品が必要であることを納得させるように努めるのです。その手が巧く行かなかった場合、自分が信頼できる人だから自分から買わなといけないことを納得させようとします。
Advertisements are generally more focused on getting you to notice the product, but they often focus on price and quality, too.
広告は商品を見てもらうために出しています。そして品質と値段をも照らされるのでしょう。
Here are some example answers to element 1:
要素１の見本答えの例文：
For 1.1:
Some supermarkets will tell you that their prices are cheaper than other supermarkets. Some supermarkets will tell you that their quality is better. Some will try to convince you that they have both cheap prices and good quality.
あるスーパーは、自分の値段が他よりも低いことを主張します。また、スーパーによって、品質を主張することがよくあります。また、あるスーパーは値段が低いことも品質が高いことも同時に納得させようとします。
Salespeople will try to convince you that you need something. If that fails, they may try to convince that they need you to buy from them because you can trust them.
営業人はその商品が必要であることを納得させるように努めるのです。その手が巧く行かなかった場合、自分が信頼できる人だから自分から買わなといけないことを納得させようとします。
Advertisements are generally more focused on getting you to notice the product, but they often focus on price and quality, too.
広告は商品を見てもらうために出しています。そして品質と値段をも照らされるのでしょう。
For 1.2:
I once bought a portable router from Docomo because they gave me a free lightweight portable computer to use with it.
一度、おまけに携帯できるコンピュータをくれるので、携帯ルータをドコモから買っちゃいました。
I have often looked at advertisements for computers or audio equipment, and wished. But I don't have enough many to do anything about my wishes.
コンピュータやステレオなどの広告を視て欲しいと思っていました。しかす、経済敵にはその望みを実現することにはお金は足りません。
For Element 2:
My wife is good at selling. I think she could sell anything to anyone, at anytime.
家の嫁は営業が上手い。いつでも、誰にも、何をも売れるほどに思います。
（"... sell anyone anything, anytime. " の語順でも成り立つ。）
Interest in other people is not just limited to sales work. Asking people about their hobbies, families, and/or lifestyles is often a good way to start a conversation.
人への関心は営業だけのことではないでしょう。大概は、対話が自然と始まらなければ、人の趣味やら家族やら人生の生き方をでも聞いてもいいです。
I think that mirroring the customer's body language may not be that great for sales work.
鏡になって顧客の身振り言語を反射することは営業に適していない化も知れません。
I wonder whether people in Japan buy seventy-five percent of their food in supermarkets.
日本に住んでいる人は食料の 75％ほどスーパーマーケットで買っているかが気になって考えています。
Playing music at home often helps me relax. The music some stores plays does the opposite.
家で音楽を流すのは結構精神的に楽になります。ある店で流れる曲はその反対です。
Wikipedia's history of shopping carts and their effect on sales in supermarkets is interesting. (We had a Piggly Wiggly store where I grew up in Texas. I never knew about the history.)
ウィキペディアによるショッピングカートの歴史とその買い物習慣への影響の解説を面白く思いました。（ボクのテキサス州のふるさとに ピグリーウィグリー は確かにありました。その歴史は知りませんでした。）
What do you think about celebrities appearing in advertising? Why should a celebrity promoting the product make a difference of ten percent?
有名人が広告に出ることについてどう思います？有名人の推薦によって十パーセントの差が出るのはどうしてでしょう？
What funny advertisements can you think of?
何らかのユーモアのセンスがあって面白い広告は思い出せますか？
If chocolate ads should make your mouth water, how about pizza? Sushi?
チョコレートの広告を見て唾が出るはずなら、ピザもそうですか？寿司は？
I once bought a portable router from Docomo because they gave me a free lightweight portable computer to use with it.
一度、おまけに携帯できるコンピュータをくれるので、携帯ルータをドコモから買っちゃいました。
I have often looked at advertisements for computers or audio equipment, and wished. But I don't have enough many to do anything about my wishes.
コンピュータやステレオなどの広告を視て欲しいと思っていました。しかす、経済敵にはその望みを実現することにはお金は足りません。
For Element 2:
My wife is good at selling. I think she could sell anything to anyone, at anytime.
家の嫁は営業が上手い。いつでも、誰にも、何をも売れるほどに思います。
（"... sell anyone anything, anytime. " の語順でも成り立つ。）
Interest in other people is not just limited to sales work. Asking people about their hobbies, families, and/or lifestyles is often a good way to start a conversation.
人への関心は営業だけのことではないでしょう。大概は、対話が自然と始まらなければ、人の趣味やら家族やら人生の生き方をでも聞いてもいいです。
I think that mirroring the customer's body language may not be that great for sales work.
鏡になって顧客の身振り言語を反射することは営業に適していない化も知れません。
I wonder whether people in Japan buy seventy-five percent of their food in supermarkets.
日本に住んでいる人は食料の 75％ほどスーパーマーケットで買っているかが気になって考えています。
Playing music at home often helps me relax. The music some stores plays does the opposite.
家で音楽を流すのは結構精神的に楽になります。ある店で流れる曲はその反対です。
Wikipedia's history of shopping carts and their effect on sales in supermarkets is interesting. (We had a Piggly Wiggly store where I grew up in Texas. I never knew about the history.)
ウィキペディアによるショッピングカートの歴史とその買い物習慣への影響の解説を面白く思いました。（ボクのテキサス州のふるさとに ピグリーウィグリー は確かにありました。その歴史は知りませんでした。）
What do you think about celebrities appearing in advertising? Why should a celebrity promoting the product make a difference of ten percent?
有名人が広告に出ることについてどう思います？有名人の推薦によって十パーセントの差が出るのはどうしてでしょう？
What funny advertisements can you think of?
何らかのユーモアのセンスがあって面白い広告は思い出せますか？
If chocolate ads should make your mouth water, how about pizza? Sushi?
チョコレートの広告を見て唾が出るはずなら、ピザもそうですか？寿司は？
The Black and White Section in the Back of the Book -- 教科書の後ろ辺の白黒セクションのこと
There is a black and white section in the back of the book.
教科書の後ろの辺に白黒のセクションがあります。
It has extra study material, with answers.
答え付きの追加分の教材あります。
Whether or not you make it to class, you should find the material in the back section, and the answers, very helpful in understanding the front section. It's worth the time to work on it, and I can answer questions by e-mail.
授業に出席できても、できなくても、後ろのセクションの資料と回答は役に立つと思います。前のセクションの理解を助けるでしょう。やってみるには価値がありますし、質問がありましたら Eメールで聞いてください。
(By the way, those who were busy with tests or otherwise couldn't make it last time, we missed you.)
（テストで忙しくて、またその他の理由で出席できなかった皆は今回参加できるとうれしく思っています。）
教科書の後ろの辺に白黒のセクションがあります。
It has extra study material, with answers.
答え付きの追加分の教材あります。
Whether or not you make it to class, you should find the material in the back section, and the answers, very helpful in understanding the front section. It's worth the time to work on it, and I can answer questions by e-mail.
授業に出席できても、できなくても、後ろのセクションの資料と回答は役に立つと思います。前のセクションの理解を助けるでしょう。やってみるには価値がありますし、質問がありましたら Eメールで聞いてください。
(By the way, those who were busy with tests or otherwise couldn't make it last time, we missed you.)
（テストで忙しくて、またその他の理由で出席できなかった皆は今回参加できるとうれしく思っています。）
Tuesday, December 10, 2013
Outline of 5th Lesson (7th December) (updated)
We started with element 1 of page 56 as a preview.
プレビューとして、56ページの要素１から始めた。
The topic was persuasion methods used in sales.
今回の話題は販売に利用される買わせる術でした。
プレビューとして、56ページの要素１から始めた。
The topic was persuasion methods used in sales.
今回の話題は販売に利用される買わせる術でした。
その次は前回の勉強を復習して宿題の答え合わせをしました。
Working from the questions in elements 2 and 3 on p. 51, we talked a little about Frank Abagnale's moral character, and about Joseph Shea's opinion of Abagnale.
51ページの要素２と３をもってフレンク・アバニャレ氏の性格を道徳の面で一緒に考えて、アバニャレ氏についてジョセフ・シェー氏が語ったのをも取り上げました。
We worked back through the phrasal verbs with "up" and "out", since there seemed to be some questions.
51ページの要素２と３をもってフレンク・アバニャレ氏の性格を道徳の面で一緒に考えて、アバニャレ氏についてジョセフ・シェー氏が語ったのをも取り上げました。
We worked back through the phrasal verbs with "up" and "out", since there seemed to be some questions.
疑問が残っているように思えたので、 "up" と "out" の複合句動詞を見直しました。
Also practiced tail intonation, p. 52 element 11 again.
それから、52ページの要素 11 を見て、もう一度上がり調子と下がり調子を練習しました。
それから、52ページの要素 11 を見て、もう一度上がり調子と下がり調子を練習しました。
After the homework, we checked "must" and "mustn't" and the inquisitive mood uses of "must (not)" and "(not) have to" in context, per page 54, element 5.
宿題終わってから、54ページの要素５にしたがって単語の "must" と "mustn't" 及び疑問調子文の "must (not)" と "(not) have to" を文の中に確認しました。
宿題終わってから、54ページの要素５にしたがって単語の "must" と "mustn't" 及び疑問調子文の "must (not)" と "(not) have to" を文の中に確認しました。
Then we discussed the three articles of element 3 in groups, and read and checked them for meaning as a class.
グループに別けて、要素３の記事を話し合ったら、暮らす全体でその記事を読んで確認しました。
Homework is p. 57, elements 7, 8, 9; also, please preview p. 58 and review the material we've covered so far.
Homework is p. 57, elements 7, 8, 9; also, please preview p. 58 and review the material we've covered so far.
宿題として、57ページの要素７、８、９をお願いします。また 58ページをプレビューし、ここまでのやってきた分を復習してください。
Wednesday, December 4, 2013
phrasal verbs with up and out -- up と out の複合動詞 (updated)
(I will try to translate and annotate, later. It's 1:00 AM, and I need to sleep.)
You can't simply drop out of jail. They don't let you.
You can't drop out of a finish line, although you can drop out of a race at the finish line.
It's hard to drop out of the ocean, because there's no place to drop to.
And it's hard to drop out of exams, because they come at the end of the course. It's possible, but the expression is not often used.
You can break up with any kind of partner -- a friend, a spouse, etc.
It's hard to break up with a relationship or a marriage, because that would mean that your partner was the marriage or the relationship.
You can break up a marriage, but it's not considered nice to cause a divorce.
You can break up a relationship, but breaking it off feels a little less violent.
You can make up after breaking off a relationship, but that's a different meaning than we are talking about here.
By definition, you can make up an excuse or a story, of course. So you could also make up a song or the plot of a play.
So you can also make up a story and act it out, as a play.
But if you make up acting, it seems like the acting is not real, is not acted. And that is confusing.
You can work out an answer. Figuring an answer out of a problem takes work.
And you can work out a problem, because when you are finished the problem is no longer a problem.
You can work out what a problem is, because the nature of a problem is a problem in and of itself.
You can work out at the gym or the spa, but what your are doing is working soreness and weakness out of your muscles.
A plan or a project can be worked out, right or wrong. And it seems a little strange, but it has become normal English to say that plans or projects work out right or wrong, as if these things worked themselves out. That way we can avoid assigning the blame when things work out wrong.
People can work out wrong, but what we mean when we say that is that the person in question couldn't make things work right in the role he or she was given. The role didn't work out right for that person.
A group of people can work out wrong, too, but that means that the relationship didn't work very well. Anyway, in these cases we are no longer talking about work as effort, but work as function.
But, usually, we don't like to blame people when things don't work out very well. So, rather than say
You can pick up a piece of paper or a pencil. No problem, right?
You can pick up Spanish, you can pick up information, and you can pick up a habit or a technique. Even though you can't get your hands on them, these are things that can stick to you.
A haircut is rather less tangible than even information. It's more something that someone does to you, more than something that becomes part of you. And your hair grows out, so the cut does not stay with you. So we generally don't talk about picking up a haircut. (Some people might, in their own personal dialect.)
You can run out of milk, money, and things to do. That's what happens when there is not enough.
But when you say you've run out, you are implying there was not enough. So it's a bit redundant to say you've run out of enough of something. It's not the enough that is lacking, it's the thing there is not enough of.
So, either you want to say
You can catch up with studies and you can catch up with another person.
("Catching up your studies" is a short way of saying "catching up with your studies," by the way.)
Now, can you catch up with yourself? Are you chasing yourself?
Actually, there are times when my thoughts get ahead of me. I find myself thinking things faster than I can understand them. And, when I come to an understanding of my thoughts, I might say I caught up with myself. But it's a poetic or philosophical expression, and not so commonly used.
The expression "end up" usually means to come to a particular end. So you can end up working as a doctor, or you can end up living with someone, or you can end up in a place, like Warsaw, Poland.
"End up" can also be used as an expression for "finish", but it is not very commonly used. But "ending up work as a doctor" would mean changing jobs from being a doctor to something else. Which is quite a different thing from "ending up working as a doctor." Almost opposite.
---------------
(Up and out is an idiom for escape by ascent. But that's not really relevant here. Well, anyway, ...)
（ここでは関係のない話なのですが、 "Up and out" とは、登って外へ出る脱出的な移動の熟語です。では、…）
Dropping out:
You know, it's hard to think of things you can't drop out of. You can drop out of a race or a school or a class, or just about anything with a course. You can also drop out of most things with a place to be in and a place to drop to.You can't simply drop out of jail. They don't let you.
You can't drop out of a finish line, although you can drop out of a race at the finish line.
It's hard to drop out of the ocean, because there's no place to drop to.
And it's hard to drop out of exams, because they come at the end of the course. It's possible, but the expression is not often used.
Breaking up with someone:
You can break up with any kind of partner -- a friend, a spouse, etc.
It's hard to break up with a relationship or a marriage, because that would mean that your partner was the marriage or the relationship.
You can break up a marriage, but it's not considered nice to cause a divorce.
You can break up a relationship, but breaking it off feels a little less violent.
Making something up:
You can make up after breaking off a relationship, but that's a different meaning than we are talking about here.
By definition, you can make up an excuse or a story, of course. So you could also make up a song or the plot of a play.
So you can also make up a story and act it out, as a play.
But if you make up acting, it seems like the acting is not real, is not acted. And that is confusing.
Working something out:
You can work out an answer. Figuring an answer out of a problem takes work.
And you can work out a problem, because when you are finished the problem is no longer a problem.
You can work out what a problem is, because the nature of a problem is a problem in and of itself.
You can work out at the gym or the spa, but what your are doing is working soreness and weakness out of your muscles.
A plan or a project can be worked out, right or wrong. And it seems a little strange, but it has become normal English to say that plans or projects work out right or wrong, as if these things worked themselves out. That way we can avoid assigning the blame when things work out wrong.
People can work out wrong, but what we mean when we say that is that the person in question couldn't make things work right in the role he or she was given. The role didn't work out right for that person.
A group of people can work out wrong, too, but that means that the relationship didn't work very well. Anyway, in these cases we are no longer talking about work as effort, but work as function.
But, usually, we don't like to blame people when things don't work out very well. So, rather than say
We worked out wrong.we would prefer to say,
Things didn't work out [well] between us.
Picking something up:
You can pick up a piece of paper or a pencil. No problem, right?
You can pick up Spanish, you can pick up information, and you can pick up a habit or a technique. Even though you can't get your hands on them, these are things that can stick to you.
A haircut is rather less tangible than even information. It's more something that someone does to you, more than something that becomes part of you. And your hair grows out, so the cut does not stay with you. So we generally don't talk about picking up a haircut. (Some people might, in their own personal dialect.)
Running out of something:
You can run out of milk, money, and things to do. That's what happens when there is not enough.
But when you say you've run out, you are implying there was not enough. So it's a bit redundant to say you've run out of enough of something. It's not the enough that is lacking, it's the thing there is not enough of.
So, either you want to say
We ran out of milk.or
There was not enough milk.
Catching up with something or someone:
You can catch up with studies and you can catch up with another person.
("Catching up your studies" is a short way of saying "catching up with your studies," by the way.)
Now, can you catch up with yourself? Are you chasing yourself?
Actually, there are times when my thoughts get ahead of me. I find myself thinking things faster than I can understand them. And, when I come to an understanding of my thoughts, I might say I caught up with myself. But it's a poetic or philosophical expression, and not so commonly used.
Ending up doing or being something:
The expression "end up" usually means to come to a particular end. So you can end up working as a doctor, or you can end up living with someone, or you can end up in a place, like Warsaw, Poland.
"End up" can also be used as an expression for "finish", but it is not very commonly used. But "ending up work as a doctor" would mean changing jobs from being a doctor to something else. Which is quite a different thing from "ending up working as a doctor." Almost opposite.
---------------
(Up and out is an idiom for escape by ascent. But that's not really relevant here. Well, anyway, ...)
（ここでは関係のない話なのですが、 "Up and out" とは、登って外へ出る脱出的な移動の熟語です。では、…）
Thursday, November 28, 2013
Personal Qualities -- 性格
Vocabulary, p. 53, (2a) -- Personal Qualities -- 性格
In the following conversation between Dad, Mom, and Carol, look for the words and phrases from the list:
以下の、お父さんとお母さんとキャロルの間の会話の中から、リストの言葉を探しましょう。
--------------------------------------
Dad: Carol, be ambitious! You're charming, but you have no ambition. In this world, it's not good enough to just have charm. You have to have ambition!
キャロルちゃん、大志を抱きなさい。意欲的にかかりなさい。君には魅力があるけど意欲がないよ。魅感だけで充分じゃない。この世界では意欲がないとダメなのよ！
Mom: Dad, you must be tolerant of your daughter. She has different ambitions. You should learn to tolerate her different ambitions.
お父さん、自分の娘にもっと寛容になりなさい。彼女のヤル気があなたと違う。彼女の違うやる気と目標をもっと大目に見た方がいいのよ。
Dad: What ambitions? Carol, do you have ambitions?
何の目標？キャロルちゃん、君には意欲なんかある？
Carol: Yes. My ambition is to be kind to people.
はい。人に親切するのが私のやりたいことです。
Mom: Carol is not mean. And she is generous. That's a good thing!
キャロルは卑劣なのじゃない。そうではなく、寛容てきなのよ。いいことではないですか？
Dad: Are you trying to tell me I'm mean and stingy?
おれがひどいケチなのっていうことか？
Carol: Well, you can be generous at times, but you can sure be mean, too.
まあ、時には寛大にしてくれるのがあるけど、時にはホンマにひどいですよ。
Dad: No, I'm not mean. I'm strict. There's a difference.
違うよ。卑劣ではなく、キビシイなのよ。ちょっとは違うと思う。
Carol: But sometimes you just have no sense of humor. Like last night. Ron was just joking around and you took everything he said so seriously.
だけど、たまには人の機嫌なんかわからないのよ。昨晩はね、ロンくんはただふざけていたのにお父さんが彼に行っている言葉其のまま聞いて全然耳を貸さなかったのね。
Dad: Ron sure is egotistical. Where did he get that swelled head?
ロンくんはな、待ったかな自己中心な利己的に考える人だよ。あんなでかい頭、どういう風にできたかな。
Carol: He doesn't have an overblown ego, Dad, he has confidence. And you tell me to be ambitious? Well, Ron is ambitious. He's determined to double the funds being raised for the Cancer Society this year.
お父さん、そんなに行き過ぎる自我ではないと思います。自信がるだけです。私に意欲的に考えるように勧めているのに。ロンはね、大きい目標のある人です。ガン協会のための献金を去年の倍までに、今年募金に頑張っているのよ。
Dad: That's an extravagant goal.
途方のない目標。
Mom: I think it's a good goal.
素晴らしい目標ではないですか？
Dad: I think he's extravagant with other people's money.
人のお金で余計なこと考えてくれる人です。
Mom: Ron is good with people.
ロンは人間関係の上手な人と思うわ。
Dad: And I'm good with figures.
俺だって、計算が上手なのよ。
Carol: You have your strengths and Ron has his.
あなたには長所があればロンにも長所があります。
Mom: And Carol has hers.
そして、キャロルも
Carol: And you have weaknesses, too. You work too many hours.
お父さんには弱点もあるのよ。働きすぎるのよ。
Dad: Working long hours is a strength!
勤勉は長所だ！
Mom: Not always.
行き過ぎることもあるのよ。
Dad: Okay, okay. We all have strengths and we all have weaknesses. But thats just what I was wanting to talk about. If you want to have ambition, you have to be confident.
まあまあ、皆は長所と短所がある。ちょど話ししようと思ったことです。ヤル気を持つのは先ず、自信がないとダメです。
Carol: I know, Dad. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses gives you confidence. And when you have confidence, you can be ambitious. But I am ambitious about what I want to be ambitious about. And I really do know my strengths and weaknesses.
わかっています、お父さん。自分の強いところと弱点を知ることは自信を生み出すのです。自信があると大志を知る。しかし、私は自分のやる気になる意欲を持っています。本当に自分の長所と弱点を悟っています。
Mom: Well, some of them, baby, some of them.
まあね、キャロルちゃん、ある程度はね。
Dad: Well, I guess I should try to be more flexible in my ambitions for you.
さて。君に対してボクの意欲をもっと柔軟に持つべきですか。
Carol: Dad, I'd rather you didn't have ambitions for me at all. I'd rather you let me have my own ambitions.
お父さん。私に対して意欲なんか持たんといて。私の気持ちを認めてほしい。
Dad: Okay, sweetheart. I'll try to be more tolerant of your ideas and ambitions.
わかったね。これからはきみの発想や目標に対してもっと軟力を利かす。
Carol: Thanks, Dad. I'll try to be more tolerant of yours, too.
そう言ってありが追う。私もお父さんの考え方をもっと受け入れるように努力します。
--------------------------------------
Did you find them all?
全部の単語と表現見つけましたか？
In the following conversation between Dad, Mom, and Carol, look for the words and phrases from the list:
以下の、お父さんとお母さんとキャロルの間の会話の中から、リストの言葉を探しましょう。
--------------------------------------
Dad: Carol, be ambitious! You're charming, but you have no ambition. In this world, it's not good enough to just have charm. You have to have ambition!
キャロルちゃん、大志を抱きなさい。意欲的にかかりなさい。君には魅力があるけど意欲がないよ。魅感だけで充分じゃない。この世界では意欲がないとダメなのよ！
Mom: Dad, you must be tolerant of your daughter. She has different ambitions. You should learn to tolerate her different ambitions.
お父さん、自分の娘にもっと寛容になりなさい。彼女のヤル気があなたと違う。彼女の違うやる気と目標をもっと大目に見た方がいいのよ。
Dad: What ambitions? Carol, do you have ambitions?
何の目標？キャロルちゃん、君には意欲なんかある？
Carol: Yes. My ambition is to be kind to people.
はい。人に親切するのが私のやりたいことです。
Mom: Carol is not mean. And she is generous. That's a good thing!
キャロルは卑劣なのじゃない。そうではなく、寛容てきなのよ。いいことではないですか？
Dad: Are you trying to tell me I'm mean and stingy?
おれがひどいケチなのっていうことか？
Carol: Well, you can be generous at times, but you can sure be mean, too.
まあ、時には寛大にしてくれるのがあるけど、時にはホンマにひどいですよ。
Dad: No, I'm not mean. I'm strict. There's a difference.
違うよ。卑劣ではなく、キビシイなのよ。ちょっとは違うと思う。
Carol: But sometimes you just have no sense of humor. Like last night. Ron was just joking around and you took everything he said so seriously.
だけど、たまには人の機嫌なんかわからないのよ。昨晩はね、ロンくんはただふざけていたのにお父さんが彼に行っている言葉其のまま聞いて全然耳を貸さなかったのね。
Dad: Ron sure is egotistical. Where did he get that swelled head?
ロンくんはな、待ったかな自己中心な利己的に考える人だよ。あんなでかい頭、どういう風にできたかな。
Carol: He doesn't have an overblown ego, Dad, he has confidence. And you tell me to be ambitious? Well, Ron is ambitious. He's determined to double the funds being raised for the Cancer Society this year.
お父さん、そんなに行き過ぎる自我ではないと思います。自信がるだけです。私に意欲的に考えるように勧めているのに。ロンはね、大きい目標のある人です。ガン協会のための献金を去年の倍までに、今年募金に頑張っているのよ。
Dad: That's an extravagant goal.
途方のない目標。
Mom: I think it's a good goal.
素晴らしい目標ではないですか？
Dad: I think he's extravagant with other people's money.
人のお金で余計なこと考えてくれる人です。
Mom: Ron is good with people.
ロンは人間関係の上手な人と思うわ。
Dad: And I'm good with figures.
俺だって、計算が上手なのよ。
Carol: You have your strengths and Ron has his.
あなたには長所があればロンにも長所があります。
Mom: And Carol has hers.
そして、キャロルも
Carol: And you have weaknesses, too. You work too many hours.
お父さんには弱点もあるのよ。働きすぎるのよ。
Dad: Working long hours is a strength!
勤勉は長所だ！
Mom: Not always.
行き過ぎることもあるのよ。
Dad: Okay, okay. We all have strengths and we all have weaknesses. But thats just what I was wanting to talk about. If you want to have ambition, you have to be confident.
まあまあ、皆は長所と短所がある。ちょど話ししようと思ったことです。ヤル気を持つのは先ず、自信がないとダメです。
Carol: I know, Dad. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses gives you confidence. And when you have confidence, you can be ambitious. But I am ambitious about what I want to be ambitious about. And I really do know my strengths and weaknesses.
わかっています、お父さん。自分の強いところと弱点を知ることは自信を生み出すのです。自信があると大志を知る。しかし、私は自分のやる気になる意欲を持っています。本当に自分の長所と弱点を悟っています。
Mom: Well, some of them, baby, some of them.
まあね、キャロルちゃん、ある程度はね。
Dad: Well, I guess I should try to be more flexible in my ambitions for you.
さて。君に対してボクの意欲をもっと柔軟に持つべきですか。
Carol: Dad, I'd rather you didn't have ambitions for me at all. I'd rather you let me have my own ambitions.
お父さん。私に対して意欲なんか持たんといて。私の気持ちを認めてほしい。
Dad: Okay, sweetheart. I'll try to be more tolerant of your ideas and ambitions.
わかったね。これからはきみの発想や目標に対してもっと軟力を利かす。
Carol: Thanks, Dad. I'll try to be more tolerant of yours, too.
そう言ってありが追う。私もお父さんの考え方をもっと受け入れるように努力します。
--------------------------------------
Did you find them all?
全部の単語と表現見つけましたか？
Saturday, November 23, 2013
about the mock want-ads and reality show applications from last month.
I finally got the ones we looked at in class (heavily edited and without personal details) posted, want-ads here and reality show here.
Since I have to remove personal details, I decided to edit them more heavily than in class. The English is now fully native, so you should check and compare. If you are not sure why I made some changes, ask me, either by e-mail or in class next time.
This one has been a long time coming. My apologies.
Since I have to remove personal details, I decided to edit them more heavily than in class. The English is now fully native, so you should check and compare. If you are not sure why I made some changes, ask me, either by e-mail or in class next time.
This one has been a long time coming. My apologies.
Friday, November 22, 2013
Good with Money -- お金を上手に使う
This was a list of common-sense rules about money (in the context of the English language).
お金の（英語の文脈にして）常識のルールを並んだものでした。
＊ Good with money.
「お金上手」？まあ、とにかく、上手にお金を使うようなことです。
＊ Save money.
お金をセーブする。
貯金する意味もあれば、節約する意味も、買い得する意味もある。買い得が一番先の思いつくこともあるでしょう。
＊ Being good with money is more than just saving it.
お金の上手な使い方はただお金をセーブするだけではありません。
＊ 質問を聞くいわゆる「疑問詞」を接続詞に使うと、関連の意味ができる。
- "Why" を接続詞に使うのは「なぜ？」ではなく、「理由」の意味です。
- "How" も接続詞として出ているので、「使い方」というものを示す役です。
- "When" も、接続詞になると「いつ」ではなく、「時」や「場合」などです。
- "If" も、接続詞になって、何らかの条件を満たしたかどうかについて話ができる。
もっと大事なのは…
＊ Do I need it?
これは本当に必要ですか？
＊ Can I afford it?
そこまでは余裕がありますか？経済が間に合いますか?
＊ Can I get it cheaper?
もっと安く手に入りませんか？
＊ impulse buy
衝動的な買い物、刺激を受けた反応の買い物
＊ reduce
今度は体重を減らすおではなく、価格を割引する。
＊ bargain
買い得、バーゲン
＊ put
置いておく
- put it up （上などへ）片付ける
- put it away （他所へ）片付ける
- put it back 元に戻す
- put it down （下へ）元に戻す
時間を与えてくれるのは、何かを決めるほどの間を置くことができる。
＊ ... shopping
…の買い物
＊ end up ...
…の行方に届く、結局…
＊ throw away
（他所へ投げ）捨てる
＊ at the checkout (register/stand/counter)
"Check out" は診る意味や確認する意味があって、お店のレジや図書館のカウンターは確認できるところでしょうね。
＊ trolley
（ショピング）カート
＊ stick to ...
…に粘りつく、止めないこと
＊ a way to ...
…する方法
＊ high fashion
流行の先端
＊ out of fashion
流行外れ、流行らなくなった状態
＊ shop around (for a good price)
（安い値段を求めて）いろんな所回って買い物する
＊ big ticket
高価格の（"ticket" は "receipt" つまり、リシート、領収書などのことを指している。）
＊ good deal
良い取引
＊ take a look
一見をする、覗くという意味よりも、一度よく視る
＊ review websites
評価や評論のウェブサイト
＊expensive mistake
莫大なお金かかる失敗
In Japanese or English, advice usually ends up being done in command form grammar. Softening the expression tends to invite confusion.
日本語にしても、英語にしても、助言の文法は大概命令文になってしまうのです。もっと優しく言うのは誤解を招くでしょう。
Tuesday, November 12, 2013
Outline of 4th lesson (November 9th)
"Counted noses" to make sure I didn't miss anyone on the attendance roll.
出席を見るのが "counting noses" に例えられること。
Started with the "Good with Money" article on p. 55, reading and checking meaning in class.
「お金の扱いが良い」の p. 55 の記事で始めた。意味を確認しながら皆で読みました。
Checked the meanings of the vocabulary list of personal qualities in element 2a on p. 53.
P. 53の要素 2a の性格単語・表現の意味を確認しました。
*** Asked for elements 2, 3, and 4 on p. 51 for homework. Note that (a) for "out" is not "figure out", because we are looking for phrases from the reading on p. 50 -- Frank Abagnale.
※ 宿題として p. 51 の要素 2, 3, 及び 4 を頼みました。注意してほしいことは、 要素 4 の "out" (a) について、 "figure out" は Frank Abagnale の記事に出てこないのでこの「計算」はまた違う表現です。
Note: "English" pronunciation of Abagnale is "Ah-big-nail", although the Italian pronunciation of "Ah-bah-nyah-leh" is okay, too.
注： "Abagnale" の英語らしい発音は「ェア・ベグ・ネイル」のようです。イタリアの「ア・バ・ニェール」でも大丈夫。
Worked through element 5 on p. 51, which basically answers element 4.
P. 51 の要素５を皆でやりました。ちなみに、要素４の大きい手がかりになります。
Worked through elments 10 and 11 on p. 52. Note the trailing intonation, rising when you are asking for a response, and falling when you are not.
P. 52 の要素１０及び１１を皆でやりました。わかってほしいのが、文の最後の発音のピッチが上がるのが返事か反応を期待している時です。返事や反応がもう決まっている気持ちで、特に反応を待つ必要がないと思っているとき、質問の形にしても断言の意味のときなど、最後の発音が下がる。
Spent some time discussing ways to get rich quick in small groups. Pretty much everyone stretched a little and tried to speak in English.
お金づくりの早い手をグループに分けて話し合いしました。皆が頑張って英語で話してくれました。
Talked a bit about the honesty issues in element 12.
P. 52 要素 12 をもって、正直について話しました。
Listened to tracks 1.33 and 1.34, looked at the script for track 1.34 on p. 90 and talked about the seminar's interpretation of entrepreneurial skills, referring again to element 2 on p. 53.
DVD トラック 1.33 と 1.34 を聞いて p. 90 でそのスクリプトを見ながら、p. 53 要素 2 を参考に、セミナーによる発明家のスキルについて話し合いました。
Talked about selling yourself short, about selling stocks long and short, and a little about self-worth: Don't sell yourself short!
自分を低く評価することと、株を高い値段と低い値段で売ることと、人自分の価値について話しました。自分を人に見せるとき、自分の価値を低く設定するべきではないよね。
*** Also asked you to listen to track 1.35 and check your pronunciation, per element 8 on p. 54 for homework.
※ また、宿題として、トラック 1.35 を聞いて、 p. 54 要素 8 のように発音チェックをお願いしています。
出席を見るのが "counting noses" に例えられること。
Started with the "Good with Money" article on p. 55, reading and checking meaning in class.
「お金の扱いが良い」の p. 55 の記事で始めた。意味を確認しながら皆で読みました。
Checked the meanings of the vocabulary list of personal qualities in element 2a on p. 53.
P. 53の要素 2a の性格単語・表現の意味を確認しました。
*** Asked for elements 2, 3, and 4 on p. 51 for homework. Note that (a) for "out" is not "figure out", because we are looking for phrases from the reading on p. 50 -- Frank Abagnale.
※ 宿題として p. 51 の要素 2, 3, 及び 4 を頼みました。注意してほしいことは、 要素 4 の "out" (a) について、 "figure out" は Frank Abagnale の記事に出てこないのでこの「計算」はまた違う表現です。
Note: "English" pronunciation of Abagnale is "Ah-big-nail", although the Italian pronunciation of "Ah-bah-nyah-leh" is okay, too.
注： "Abagnale" の英語らしい発音は「ェア・ベグ・ネイル」のようです。イタリアの「ア・バ・ニェール」でも大丈夫。
Worked through element 5 on p. 51, which basically answers element 4.
P. 51 の要素５を皆でやりました。ちなみに、要素４の大きい手がかりになります。
Worked through elments 10 and 11 on p. 52. Note the trailing intonation, rising when you are asking for a response, and falling when you are not.
P. 52 の要素１０及び１１を皆でやりました。わかってほしいのが、文の最後の発音のピッチが上がるのが返事か反応を期待している時です。返事や反応がもう決まっている気持ちで、特に反応を待つ必要がないと思っているとき、質問の形にしても断言の意味のときなど、最後の発音が下がる。
Spent some time discussing ways to get rich quick in small groups. Pretty much everyone stretched a little and tried to speak in English.
お金づくりの早い手をグループに分けて話し合いしました。皆が頑張って英語で話してくれました。
Talked a bit about the honesty issues in element 12.
P. 52 要素 12 をもって、正直について話しました。
Listened to tracks 1.33 and 1.34, looked at the script for track 1.34 on p. 90 and talked about the seminar's interpretation of entrepreneurial skills, referring again to element 2 on p. 53.
DVD トラック 1.33 と 1.34 を聞いて p. 90 でそのスクリプトを見ながら、p. 53 要素 2 を参考に、セミナーによる発明家のスキルについて話し合いました。
Talked about selling yourself short, about selling stocks long and short, and a little about self-worth: Don't sell yourself short!
自分を低く評価することと、株を高い値段と低い値段で売ることと、人自分の価値について話しました。自分を人に見せるとき、自分の価値を低く設定するべきではないよね。
*** Also asked you to listen to track 1.35 and check your pronunciation, per element 8 on p. 54 for homework.
※ また、宿題として、トラック 1.35 を聞いて、 p. 54 要素 8 のように発音チェックをお願いしています。
Friday, November 8, 2013
Grammar and Money vs. Time -- お金と時間の文法
Some words and phrases can be used with money, time, and other resources. Others, not so much.
ある単語は、お金にも、時間にも、その他の資産の類にも、自由に適用できます。ある単語は制限が付くのです。
"Earn", for instance, is most commonly used with money:
例えば、 "earn" は大概金銭関係に使います。
Not so much with time, but you can say things like,
時間の関連にはそれほど適用しませんが、おう言う文なら大丈夫です。
とすると、理解しにくい文章ですね。サイエンスフィクション小説からの文章、かな？
But, しかし
とすると会社の手引きにありそうな文章です。
You can earn some things, as well:
"Earn" はある物にも適用できます。
一般的には "free" もしくは "free up" を使いたい。
"Value" と "worth" は似たいみがります。双方は多くの場合、「価値」と訳せる。また、 "value" は「価値観」とも訳せます。
But most of the places you would use the phrase "good value" have something to do with economic exchange.
使うところは大概、ものを経済的な目的のために交換するような、交換可能な場面です。
The following table shows some places you need to be careful:
以下の表で注意が必要な表現が解ると思います。
The table doesn't tell you much without examples. I'm hoping I can update this next week with useful examples.
例文なしではそれほど役に立たないのです。来週はもしかして例文を作って更新できると思います。
One word I'd like to mention in passing, "worth" is a word worth knowing.
１つちなみに取り上げたい単語はその中にあります。 "Worth" という言葉は知るほどの価値があります。
ある単語は、お金にも、時間にも、その他の資産の類にも、自由に適用できます。ある単語は制限が付くのです。
"Earn", for instance, is most commonly used with money:
例えば、 "earn" は大概金銭関係に使います。
I earn about 200,000 yen a month when I'm working. ボクは仕事しているときおよそ一ヶ月２０万円を稼いでいます。and それに
I don't earn enough to keep my kids in school. 子供を学校に聞かせるほどの給与をもらっていません。
Not so much with time, but you can say things like,
時間の関連にはそれほど適用しませんが、おう言う文なら大丈夫です。
I earned a little extra time off this week by doing some overtime. 今週、残業して普段よりも多く休暇を取らしていただけるのです。On the other hand, 一方、
I earn three hours an hour. 私の時給３時間です。would be a hard sentence to understand. Maybe it's a sentence from a science fiction novel?
とすると、理解しにくい文章ですね。サイエンスフィクション小説からの文章、かな？
But, しかし
Employees earn one hour of vacation time for each 20 hours worked. ２０時間の作業に一時間休暇を当てます。could be a line from a company's operations manual.
とすると会社の手引きにありそうな文章です。
You can earn some things, as well:
"Earn" はある物にも適用できます。
Dedicated training earned Bolt another gold medal today. 献身的な訓練過程がボルト選手に、もう一つの金メダルを設けさした。（献身的な訓練によってボルト選手が今日、金メダルをもう一つ手に入れた。）Now, if you are trying to say something like
宿題の順番を変えて勉強が巧く行ったから一時間を稼いだ。generally, you want to use "free" or "free up" instead of "earn":
一般的には "free" もしくは "free up" を使いたい。
She changed the order she did her homework in, and freed up an hour."Value" is similar to "worth". Both can translate to 価値 (kachi) in Japanese in many cases. Value also refers to 価値観 in some cases.
"Value" と "worth" は似たいみがります。双方は多くの場合、「価値」と訳せる。また、 "value" は「価値観」とも訳せます。
But most of the places you would use the phrase "good value" have something to do with economic exchange.
使うところは大概、ものを経済的な目的のために交換するような、交換可能な場面です。
The following table shows some places you need to be careful:
以下の表で注意が必要な表現が解ると思います。
| word/phrase | money | time | things |
|---|---|---|---|
| earn ... | ○ | △ | △ |
| good value for the ... | ○ | △ | △ |
| ... to spare | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| inherit ... | ○ | × | ○ |
| invest ... | ○ | ○ | △ |
| be [not] worth the ... | ○ | ○ | △ |
| lend ... | ○ | △ | ○ |
| borrow ... | ○ | △ | ○ |
| make ... | ○ | [○] | ○ |
| [not] have enough ... | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| run out of ... | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| save ... | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| spend ... | ○ | ○ | △ |
| steal ... | ○ | △ | ○ |
| use ... [wisely] | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| waste ... | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| kill ... | [△] | ○ | [○] |
The table doesn't tell you much without examples. I'm hoping I can update this next week with useful examples.
例文なしではそれほど役に立たないのです。来週はもしかして例文を作って更新できると思います。
One word I'd like to mention in passing, "worth" is a word worth knowing.
１つちなみに取り上げたい単語はその中にあります。 "Worth" という言葉は知るほどの価値があります。
Too Much is Never Enough -- あり過ぎは足りない
When I was a university student, one of MTV's better-known slogans was "Too much is never enough."
ボクの大学時代の MTV の有名なスローガンの１つでした。「あり過ぎは絶対に足りない。」
If you're asking whether it's possible to have too much money, you should first ask whether it's possible to have enough.
お金を沢山持ちすぎるのが可能かどうを問うなら、先ずは充分に持つのが可能かどうかを考えるべきだと思います。
Of course, it's a question of attitude, and whether you are addicted to the things money can buy.
無論、考え方の姿勢の問題です。それに、お金で買えるものに中毒になっているかどうかの問題。
ボクの大学時代の MTV の有名なスローガンの１つでした。「あり過ぎは絶対に足りない。」
If you're asking whether it's possible to have too much money, you should first ask whether it's possible to have enough.
お金を沢山持ちすぎるのが可能かどうを問うなら、先ずは充分に持つのが可能かどうかを考えるべきだと思います。
Of course, it's a question of attitude, and whether you are addicted to the things money can buy.
無論、考え方の姿勢の問題です。それに、お金で買えるものに中毒になっているかどうかの問題。
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Sudden Wealth 行き成りの豊か (updated)
Now, I would never win a lot of money, because I don't play the lottery.
言っとくけど、宝くじなんかしないのでたくさんのお金当たるはずないのです。
But it's a topic in the book, so if I did suddenly come into a lot of money, what would I do with it?
では、教科書の問題の１つですから、突然に大金持ちになったらそのお金をどうするであろう？
Actually, I have daydreamed about this, and even blogged about lotteries before.
実はこんな空想にふけたことがあります。また、宝くじについてブログも書いたことがあります 。
Well, I guess I'd spend a little of it on myself. Maybe buy a smartphone and a new suit, maybe fix my bike.
さて。自分のことに使うこともあるでしょう。もしかしてスマートホンとか、新しいスーツを買ったり、多分、自転車も修理します。
I'd probably spend more of it on family. My wife thinks my kids need phones, too. And the family needs a new computer and new clothes. And we need a house, if the money would go that far.
自分のことよりも家族に使うと思います。子供には携帯が必要と、家の嫁が言っています。やっぱり、新しいコンピュータも服も要るでしょう。家も欲しいで。お金がそこまで伸びるなら。
Maybe a car would be useful sometimes, but cars can be rented.
車はもしかして用途があるかも知れませんが、レンタカーもあるから買わなくて済むかな。
And there are a couple of friends who have helped my family and me in the past. I'm not sure what I'd do for them, but I'm sure I could think of something.
自分と家族を助けてくれた友達もいますが、何をするかわかりませんが何かを考えてやって上げるでしょう。
I'd definitely give part of it away to a few good causes. Sharing some of what we have with people who need help is a good way to express our gratitude.
きっと、福利のための善良ある活動に献金するでしょう。持っているものを必要としている人に分けるのが感謝を正確に表すことです。
I'd also definitely put quite a bit in the bank, mostly retirement funds for my wife and me, and education savings for our kids. No need to mention it to anyone.
また、話しの中に取り上げる必要ないのですし、主に退職金や教育預金のことになるのですが、銀行に預けることはたしかなのです。
And the thing I'd definitely like to do if I had lots of money is start a business helping people learn how to use the Linus OS in their own computers.
それにお金を仰山持ってたら、確実にやりたいのが、人がリナックスオーエスを自分のコンピュータに利用するのを習うのを手伝う企業を興したい。
Okay, the above is what I came up with after letting it rest for several days.
以上は数日置いて考えた例文です。
Below are some of the examples I came up with in class. Some are mine, some are student examples. They may help in formulating your own examples.
以下は授業の取り上げた例文です。ボクが考えたものもありますし、皆が考えたものもあります。皆が自分の例文を作ると参考になるかもわかりません。
If I had a lot of money, I would start a computer business and put Microsoft and Apple out of business.
If I had a lot of money, I would start a slow-food restaurant with my wife.
If I had a lot of money, I would go to Tokyo University.
If I had a lot of money, I would go to Mars.
If I had a lot of money, I would donate a lot to starving artists.
If I had a lot of money, I would donate a large part of it to UNICEF, the Earthquake relief fund, the Cancer society, and the Green Party.
If I had a lot of money, I'd donate a tenth of it to my church.
If I had a lot of money, I would travel to France, to study culinary arts [cooking].
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new netbook computer.
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a hamburger and get back to work.
If I had a lot of money, I would buy my mother- and father-in-law a new house.
If I had a lot of money, I would invest it all in Red Hat, and Google, and Apple.
If I had a lot of money, I would spend half of it on my family and myself, and put the rest in the bank.
言っとくけど、宝くじなんかしないのでたくさんのお金当たるはずないのです。
But it's a topic in the book, so if I did suddenly come into a lot of money, what would I do with it?
では、教科書の問題の１つですから、突然に大金持ちになったらそのお金をどうするであろう？
Actually, I have daydreamed about this, and even blogged about lotteries before.
実はこんな空想にふけたことがあります。また、宝くじについてブログも書いたことがあります 。
Well, I guess I'd spend a little of it on myself. Maybe buy a smartphone and a new suit, maybe fix my bike.
さて。自分のことに使うこともあるでしょう。もしかしてスマートホンとか、新しいスーツを買ったり、多分、自転車も修理します。
I'd probably spend more of it on family. My wife thinks my kids need phones, too. And the family needs a new computer and new clothes. And we need a house, if the money would go that far.
自分のことよりも家族に使うと思います。子供には携帯が必要と、家の嫁が言っています。やっぱり、新しいコンピュータも服も要るでしょう。家も欲しいで。お金がそこまで伸びるなら。
Maybe a car would be useful sometimes, but cars can be rented.
車はもしかして用途があるかも知れませんが、レンタカーもあるから買わなくて済むかな。
And there are a couple of friends who have helped my family and me in the past. I'm not sure what I'd do for them, but I'm sure I could think of something.
自分と家族を助けてくれた友達もいますが、何をするかわかりませんが何かを考えてやって上げるでしょう。
I'd definitely give part of it away to a few good causes. Sharing some of what we have with people who need help is a good way to express our gratitude.
きっと、福利のための善良ある活動に献金するでしょう。持っているものを必要としている人に分けるのが感謝を正確に表すことです。
I'd also definitely put quite a bit in the bank, mostly retirement funds for my wife and me, and education savings for our kids. No need to mention it to anyone.
また、話しの中に取り上げる必要ないのですし、主に退職金や教育預金のことになるのですが、銀行に預けることはたしかなのです。
And the thing I'd definitely like to do if I had lots of money is start a business helping people learn how to use the Linus OS in their own computers.
それにお金を仰山持ってたら、確実にやりたいのが、人がリナックスオーエスを自分のコンピュータに利用するのを習うのを手伝う企業を興したい。
Okay, the above is what I came up with after letting it rest for several days.
以上は数日置いて考えた例文です。
Below are some of the examples I came up with in class. Some are mine, some are student examples. They may help in formulating your own examples.
以下は授業の取り上げた例文です。ボクが考えたものもありますし、皆が考えたものもあります。皆が自分の例文を作ると参考になるかもわかりません。
If I had a lot of money, I would start a computer business and put Microsoft and Apple out of business.
If I had a lot of money, I would start a slow-food restaurant with my wife.
If I had a lot of money, I would go to Tokyo University.
If I had a lot of money, I would go to Mars.
If I had a lot of money, I would donate a lot to starving artists.
If I had a lot of money, I would donate a large part of it to UNICEF, the Earthquake relief fund, the Cancer society, and the Green Party.
If I had a lot of money, I'd donate a tenth of it to my church.
If I had a lot of money, I would travel to France, to study culinary arts [cooking].
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new netbook computer.
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a hamburger and get back to work.
If I had a lot of money, I would buy my mother- and father-in-law a new house.
If I had a lot of money, I would invest it all in Red Hat, and Google, and Apple.
If I had a lot of money, I would spend half of it on my family and myself, and put the rest in the bank.
Outline of 3rd Lesson (2 November)
Started with talking about money and time and other resources, following along on page 49. That ended up consuming the first hour. (Didn't plan that, but it seemed interesting. Was that just me?)
The second hour was devoted to the homework from last week -- several students' mock want-ads and the applications to the mock reality show. I need to put some of the samples up.
The only homework I assigned was revising the homework from last week.
Reading the text on Frank Abagnale took what remained of the third hour.
I did some quick fixes for about six students after class.
Someone left test study materials in the back. I turned them over to the people in the office, to take care of. I'll try to remember to check on that next time.
Optional homework for the ambitious:
There is a review/practice test on p. 48. It's worth giving it a try so you can ask me questions.
As always, exploring the DVD might prove interesting.
You might want to look up Duncan Bannatyne on the Internet.
The second hour was devoted to the homework from last week -- several students' mock want-ads and the applications to the mock reality show. I need to put some of the samples up.
The only homework I assigned was revising the homework from last week.
Reading the text on Frank Abagnale took what remained of the third hour.
I did some quick fixes for about six students after class.
Someone left test study materials in the back. I turned them over to the people in the office, to take care of. I'll try to remember to check on that next time.
Optional homework for the ambitious:
There is a review/practice test on p. 48. It's worth giving it a try so you can ask me questions.
As always, exploring the DVD might prove interesting.
You might want to look up Duncan Bannatyne on the Internet.
Saturday, November 2, 2013
Applying to a Mock Reality Show -- 模擬リアリティショーに申し込みする (updated)
---
I Want to Go to Mars
- I live in Japan now, in a suburb of Osaka. It's actually not a bad place, convenient to stores, parks, and public transportation.
- I am busy with teaching and studying, so life is good.
- But I don't like convenience, and being busy all the time gets me down. I want some excitement and adventure.
- I want to go to Mars!
- Going to Mars has been my dream since I was a child.
- I want to build a colony on Mars and try to figure out really interesting problems, like cultivating edible plants in Martian soil and keeping a pressure dome on Martian sand filled with air.
I finally got time to get some of your contributions posted, without (I hope) personal details.
I want to move to the country!
Now I live in a suburb of Osaka city. It's a beautiful town surrounded by nature, and I like it a lot.
But I don't really feel comfortable with the city atmosphere that I feel every day when I go to school. The morning train is always very crowded.
After school I have to go to cram school. I don't like cram school. I am always totally tired when I get home. I'm really stressed out all the time.
In my new home, I'll probably go jogging every day after school. And I'll definitely never go to cram school
Australia
I visited Australia on a short home-stay program. I really enjoyed the lifestyle and the climate.
I want to go back and stay, to become an adult there and get a job, and settle down.
The Country
The city is too fast-paced, and out of touch with nature, for me.
I dream of moving to the county where I can live a slow life, surrounded by beautiful nature.
When I move there, I will fill a big garden with many beautiful flowers. I will also grow various kinds of fruits and vegetables, and I will cook with what I grow.
And I will have time to enjoy it all in my slow lifestyle.
I'm looking forward to my dream coming true!
The City!
The country has nothing to do, and no one to meet.
I'd like to move to the city because I can meet many people there. The experience will surely affect me for the better and help broaden my outlook. I will be able to try many new things and find new interests. For instance, I will be able to meet people from all over the world and discuss things with them. It will give me a chance to hear about their culture and their way of thinking.
Moving to the city is a challenge that I want to take on.
New York!
I live in Middlehill, where it is really quiet and peaceful. I feel bored everyday. It' s so dull.
I really want to move to a place where I can hang out with my many friends and buy lots of cool clothes. So I think NY is the best place for me. In New York, I will be clubbing all night for sure.
Hawaii
I lived in Hawaii for a while when I was young. There are beautiful beaches and lots of friendly people. There are no beautiful beaches near where I live now, and people mostly keep to themselves.
When I was young, I swam in the beautiful sea. And I went shopping at Hawaiian stores. I miss those now. I'd like to move back.
Want-ads -- 「三行広告」 (updated)
Here is my example want ad:
Hmm. 「三行広告」 But more than 3 lines.
How should we translate "Want-ad"? 「要求広告」？ 「欲求広告」？ Or the confusing pronunciation -- 「ウォントアド」？
;-)
Note that want-ad grammar is cut down. "Be" verbs are mostly dropped, and there is a lot of abbreviation, reliance on short idiom, and assumptions of understanding. Converting my example to normal English results in something like this:
Here are some of your want-ads, cleaned up a bit, and personal details mostly removed/substituted. (I forgot which one I was supposed to leave out, but I think I've removed enough detail that it should be okay.)
Math Teacher
I think this one doesn't need much explanation.
<NEED FRIENDS!!!!>
---
Note that "Fan of super junior" refers both to the advertiser and the sought friend.
Come to our school festival!
Version 1:
Used suitcase
Version 2:
A MUST FOR ANY TRAVELER!
Note that the second version is deliberately not abbreviating.
NEED USED BOOKS
BASKETBALL TEAM
You all did very nice work. Again, my apologies that I took this long getting this up.
Almost Antique Macintosh
68030 model -- needs a new home. Performa 550 with Japanese Mac OS 7.6, 32MB RAM and coprocessor. Free for the shipping charges.---
Call 06-5XXX-4XXX.
Hmm. 「三行広告」 But more than 3 lines.
How should we translate "Want-ad"? 「要求広告」？ 「欲求広告」？ Or the confusing pronunciation -- 「ウォントアド」？
;-)
Note that want-ad grammar is cut down. "Be" verbs are mostly dropped, and there is a lot of abbreviation, reliance on short idiom, and assumptions of understanding. Converting my example to normal English results in something like this:
[My] 68030 model [Macintosh] needs a new home. [It's a] Performa 550 with Japanese Mac OS 7.6, 32 Mb of RAM, and a [math] coprocessor. [I will give it] free [to anyone who is willing to pay] for the shipping charges.
Here are some of your want-ads, cleaned up a bit, and personal details mostly removed/substituted. (I forgot which one I was supposed to leave out, but I think I've removed enough detail that it should be okay.)
Math Teacher
Very kind math teacher wanted to teach me math with clear explanations.---
Good knowledge of math needed.
Call Samantha at ___-____-____.
I think this one doesn't need much explanation.
<NEED FRIENDS!!!!>
Looking for new friends who can speak English and Japanese, to teach me English and share my interest in Korean pop. Fan of super junior.
If you can be my friend, please follow my twitter @________ and talk with me there!!
---
Note that "Fan of super junior" refers both to the advertiser and the sought friend.
Come to our school festival!
Sat Nov 2: 10a.m.-4p.m.
Osaka Sensible Girls' High School.
Come enjoy food, dance, games, and other activities with us!
Details on web www.~~~~~.ne.jp
Version 1:
Used suitcase
Large, black. Needs new owner.
Please call Julia at ___-____-____
Version 2:
A MUST FOR ANY TRAVELER!
My old, roomy suitcase needs a new owner.---
Black, not heavy.
Just right for your next trip!
Please call Julia at ___-____-____
Note that the second version is deliberately not abbreviating.
NEED USED BOOKS
SCHOOL RECYCLING PROJECT.
PLEASE DONATE UNNEEDED BOOKS.
CALL ___-____-____.
BASKETBALL TEAM
Seeking highly motivated players.
Helpful captain, friendly teammates.
Practicing in large, well-equipped gym.
Call ___-____-____.
You all did very nice work. Again, my apologies that I took this long getting this up.
Root Words, Prefixes, Suffixes
In Japanese, Kanji form the basic unit in constructing new words from old.
日本語では、新しい単語を既に在る単語から作ろうと思うとき、言語の要素として「漢字」があります。
In English, we have root words.
英語では漢字がなくても根本的な単語があります。 "Root words" と言います。つまり、「語根」、あるいは「語素」のことです。
In the last class, we talked about compound words, where you put two (or more) root words together. This time, we talked about constructing words from root words and affixes.
前回の話の中に２つ（以上）の基本単語を組み合わせた「複合語」（合成語）のことを取り上げたけど、これ以外の組み合わせもあります。今度は基本単語に「接辞」をつける話はしました。
There are two kinds of affixes, prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes go in front of the root word(s), and suffixes go after.
英語の接辞は２つの種類の prefix （接頭辞）と suffix （接尾辞）があります。 Prefix なら単語の前に（頭部）に付けて、 suffix の場合は単語の後に（尾部）に付けるのです。
Common English prefixes include
From the Kanji, we might think of 「不」（ふ） or 「者」（しゃ） as similar examples.
漢字からの例を取り上げれば、「不」（ふ）や「者」（しゃ）にはこういう効き目があります。
These affixes are generally not considered true words, because you usually don't use them on their own. By themselves, they are incomplete.
これらの接辞は単独で使えないので、一般的には単語として見なされていません。単独では意味が完成されていないからです。
For a kind of complicated example, "in", by itself, is a preposition. As a word, it connects pieces of a sentence together, and it has meaning.
一つのちょっと複雑の例として、 in を単独にすると、前置詞です。単語として、文章の部分を接続したりして、意味があります。
But when "in-" is attached to a verb, it either means to bring the effect of the verb inside something or it means to reverse the effect of the verb. As a prefix, it needs a verb to be complete.
一方、 in- を動詞の前につけると、その動詞の効き目が何かの中へと働きかけるか、そうでなければその動詞の効き目を覆すのか、動詞に取り付けていないと単語としては未完成です。
When you understand root words and suffixes and prefixes, it becomes much easier to understand and remember new words.
語根や接辞を覚えていくと新しい単語が理解しやすくて、覚えやすくなります。
日本語では、新しい単語を既に在る単語から作ろうと思うとき、言語の要素として「漢字」があります。
In English, we have root words.
英語では漢字がなくても根本的な単語があります。 "Root words" と言います。つまり、「語根」、あるいは「語素」のことです。
In the last class, we talked about compound words, where you put two (or more) root words together. This time, we talked about constructing words from root words and affixes.
前回の話の中に２つ（以上）の基本単語を組み合わせた「複合語」（合成語）のことを取り上げたけど、これ以外の組み合わせもあります。今度は基本単語に「接辞」をつける話はしました。
There are two kinds of affixes, prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes go in front of the root word(s), and suffixes go after.
英語の接辞は２つの種類の prefix （接頭辞）と suffix （接尾辞）があります。 Prefix なら単語の前に（頭部）に付けて、 suffix の場合は単語の後に（尾部）に付けるのです。
Common English prefixes include
- pre- 「前」や「頭部」の意味を加える
- post- 「後」や「尾部」の意味を加える
- in- 中に吹き込む意味を加える、あるいは、効果を逆にする
- un- 意味を逆にする
- re- 繰り返す意味を加える
- ex- 外す意味を加える
- mis- 間違いや目的外れの意味を加える
- dis- 効果を取り消す
- -ous 元単語の関連性を指摘して、形容詞を作る
- -ness 元単語の傾向を指摘して名詞を作る
- -less 元単語のことをなくした意味の形容詞を作る
- -ive 特に動詞につけて、傾向の意味の形容詞を作る
- -able or -ible 特に動詞につけて、能力や効力の意味の形容詞を作る
- -ly or -y 特に形容詞を副詞にする
- -er 特に動詞につけて、「〜者」のような意味の名詞を作る
From the Kanji, we might think of 「不」（ふ） or 「者」（しゃ） as similar examples.
漢字からの例を取り上げれば、「不」（ふ）や「者」（しゃ）にはこういう効き目があります。
These affixes are generally not considered true words, because you usually don't use them on their own. By themselves, they are incomplete.
これらの接辞は単独で使えないので、一般的には単語として見なされていません。単独では意味が完成されていないからです。
For a kind of complicated example, "in", by itself, is a preposition. As a word, it connects pieces of a sentence together, and it has meaning.
一つのちょっと複雑の例として、 in を単独にすると、前置詞です。単語として、文章の部分を接続したりして、意味があります。
But when "in-" is attached to a verb, it either means to bring the effect of the verb inside something or it means to reverse the effect of the verb. As a prefix, it needs a verb to be complete.
一方、 in- を動詞の前につけると、その動詞の効き目が何かの中へと働きかけるか、そうでなければその動詞の効き目を覆すのか、動詞に取り付けていないと単語としては未完成です。
When you understand root words and suffixes and prefixes, it becomes much easier to understand and remember new words.
語根や接辞を覚えていくと新しい単語が理解しやすくて、覚えやすくなります。
Thursday, October 31, 2013
Probability Adverb Placement (page 43, elements 5, 6, & 7)
May and might, can and could are helping verbs. So are will and would.
May と might, can と could, それに will と would 、それぞれは助動詞です。
You should never use more than one helping verb with a main verb, so you don't want to say,
同じ主動詞に助動詞を重ねて使うのは決まり外です。したがって、
They will might win.Rather, you want to say,
は言いたくないでしょう。むしろ
They might win.
と言いたいはずです。
"Might", by itself, makes the mood sufficiently future.
"Might" は単独で感覚を充分に未来に持っていきます。
(I have friends who say, "I might could win that." But they are speaking Texas dialect, not standard English.)
（"I might could win that."という言い方を使う友達はいますが、彼らが喋っているのは標準的な英語ではなく、テキサス弁です。）
Other than that, the preferred position for probability adverbs is usually after a positive helping verb, but before a negative one:
その話をおいて、確率関連の副詞の通常の位置は、肯定文の場合は助動詞の後、否定の場合は助動詞の前です。つまり、
I will probably win.and
及び
I probably won't win.But this is not a rule. There is a reason, and the position can change. In the positive,
しかしこれは文法のルールではないのです。位置にわけがあって、その位置が変わる場合もあります。例えば、肯定文にしては
I probably will win.is a guess about the future. But,
とは将来について推測しているのですし、
I will probably win.says you have the will to probably win.
とは、多分の勝利には確信があります。
This is generally a not a bad thing, but it is talking more about your will more than about the future.
これはそれほど悪い言い方ではないのですが、将来よりも、また未来よりも、自分の意志を伝えているのです。
In the negative,
一方、否定文にすると
I probably won't win.is also a guess about the future, where
も、将来についての推測です。そして
I won't probably win.says you don't want to probably win.
にすると、多分の勝利は計画外です。
This is a bit confusing, since the word "probably" is being negated. You could be expressing either confidence or doubt in your winning. So it is a construction that is rarely used.
混乱に導く言い方です。なぜなら、「多分」という言葉が取り消されるのです。勝つことに対しては確信でも疑問でもどれを伝えようとしているかがわからなくなるわけです。因って、こういう文法は珍しいのです。
So, looking at element 6:
要素６を見て
- Technology will probably become ...
- We will definitely be able to ...
- We probably won't use ...
- We might not all have ...
この最後の文章には "might" は将来のことの確率を推測しているに、 "could" は機能とか許可について話しているのです。
And here are my takes on element 7, predictions about the near future:
私が要素７の回答をして、近い未来について推測すると、
People will {probably} write fewer letters, but more electronic messages.This is more than probable, so I might leave the probability out, entirely.
これは確率の問題ではないので確率の副詞を完全に外すかも知れません。
Most likely, more people will have even more access to the Internet. Land phones will become more and more like wireless smartphones.Again, this is more than just probable, and I move "most likely" to the front of the sentence for emphasis.
また、確率の問題ではないので、その確実性を強調するために "most likely" を文章の前に持って行く事にします。
Probably, more people will watch digital videos instead of video cassettes or DVDs or even Blue-Ray disks. HDTV will probably be replaced by internet broadcast technology, and one-seg TV will likely be picked up outside of Japan. And, probably, even more people will make their own videos.Again, to emphasize my confidence in the trend, I've put "probably" in front of the first sentence and the last. (Yes, I think that, except for one-seg, wireless broadcast television will disappear.)
ここも、トレンドに確信があることを強調するために、最初と最後の文章の前に言っておくことにします。（まあ、そうですね。ワンセグ以外の無線テレビは言えると思います。）
Everyone will have to become more conscious of how they use water.Again, this is not a matter of probability.
これもまた、確率のことがらではない。
Instead of mobile phones or smartphones, people will probably start carrying small mobile computers.(Why do I think smartphones are not true mobile computers? Well, that's not English, maybe I'll get a chance to blog about it on one of my personal blogs.)
（なぜスマホンが本物の携帯コンピュータではないとボクが思うのですか？まあ、英語のことではないのですね。運が良かったら、ボクの別のブログにそんなことを論じる機会ができるかも。）
Organic methods of growing foods will have to become more systemized, and most people will probably start growing some of the food they eat, themselves.(Organic is still not a very well-defined term, but it represents a trend against the nutrition-robbing mass production methods used by big farms.)
（「有機栽培」というものはまだ正確な定義がありませんけど、大牧場で利用されている栄養を減少する大量栽培方法に対抗する傾向を代表します。）
That pretty much covers what we did in class with probability adverbs.
Two People's Opinions about the Future
Track 1-26, see p. 89, as well.
Tracy is the girl and Stig is the boy.
トレーシーは女子なのに、スティッグは男子です。
They agree that most homes will be smaller, but Stig is sure that there will always be rich people with big homes.
家が一般的に小さくなるのは同じ考えでしたが、スティッグは大きい家を持つ大金持ちがいつも居ると確信しています。
The agree on the rest:
ほかは全部一緒の思いです。
Tracy is the girl and Stig is the boy.
トレーシーは女子なのに、スティッグは男子です。
They agree that most homes will be smaller, but Stig is sure that there will always be rich people with big homes.
家が一般的に小さくなるのは同じ考えでしたが、スティッグは大きい家を持つ大金持ちがいつも居ると確信しています。
The agree on the rest:
ほかは全部一緒の思いです。
- People won't stop using cars. 車を止めることは無いでしょう。
- People won't keep fish to eat. 魚を食べるために飼うことも無いでしょう。
- Fridges are already more intelligent. 冷蔵庫は既に知能付きになっている。
- And robots are already becoming more common. そしてロボットは既に普及している。
Tuesday, October 29, 2013
Outline of 2nd Lesson (26 October) (updated)
Started with the material I left as homework last week -- elements 5, 6, and 7 on p. 43.
先週残していた p. 43 の要素 5, 6, 及び 7 から行きました。
For element 5, we listened to the audio. I had troubles with the PC, so I ended up demonstrating two or three ways to find the audio. It's not a video. There is only an audio track to listen to for this one.
要素 5 のために DVD のオーディオを聞きました。パソコンの問題があって、結局オーディオの聴き方２、３通り見せることができました。ビデオではありません。音源だけです。
It is a DVD, so it should be playable on a DVD player. If you are using a computer, you may see the opening screen automatically, or you may only see the disk's root folder/directory.
CD ではなく、 DVD ですので DVD プレイヤーで再生できるはずです。ただし、コンピュータを使って聞きたいなら、起動画面が自動的に出てくる場合もあれば出てこない場合もあるでしょう。出てこない場合は DVD 円盤の最上位（根・ルート）ディレクトリを見せられるだけでしょう。
Either way, if you see the opening screen, click it. Then you should see a menu screen. There should be a list of things to do on the bottom of the menu screen. Track 1.26 is an audio track.
開始画面が現れるとその画面をクリックしてください。クリックしたらメニュー画面が出てくるはずです。画面のしたに使い方（活動）のリストが並んでいるはずです。トラック 1.26 がその内のオーディオトラックです。
If you are on a computer and you don't see the opening screen, look at the file "readme.html" in the root directory of the DVD. That explains how to install Pearson Longman's player.
コンピュータを使っている場合は、開始画面が出てこない場合、ルートディレクトリの中にある "readme.html" というファイルを見てください。（英語ですけど。）ピアソンロングマンのプレイヤーソフトをインストールする方法について説明してくれるのです。
Or, if you understand file paths, the audio file is located here:
ファイルパス、というヤツがお分かりになるなら、オーディオファイルが以下のパスをたどれば現れてくるはずです。
For element 6, I walked through the grammar for locating probability adverbs.
要素 6 では、確率を示す副詞の位置の文法を案内しました。
For element 7, we all tried our hand at writing some predictions in future mood.
要素 7 では、未来雰囲気に移って予測を書いてみました。
I'll post reviews of the material later.
後に資料の見直しを投稿します。
From the second hour, we dug into pages 45 and 46.
２時間目から p. 45-6 に入り込みました。
First, we talked about prefixes and suffixes and root words. Then we looked at want-ads and practiced writing our own. Finally, we looked at the ad for a fictional reality show based on people moving to a dream location and changing their lifestyles, and wrote mock applications to the program.
先ずは接頭辞と接尾辞を紹介しました。それからクラシファイド広告を見て自分の広告を書いてみました。最後に、作り事のリアリティ番組の募集広告を見て模擬申し込みを書いてみました。
Homework was to revise the want-ads and reality show applications, and you can send the homework by e-mail or bring it to class next time. (I already have the homework from three of you.)
宿題は広告と申し込みを見直すことでした。Eメールで送っていただいても構いませんし、次回の授業に持ってきてもいいです。（参院文をもう送っていただいています。）
I will post details for each segment of the class later. If I have time, I'll update this post with translations to Japanese, as well.
各部の詳細は後に投稿します。時間が取れるなら、本文も訳して更新します。
See you all next time.
次回までよろしく
先週残していた p. 43 の要素 5, 6, 及び 7 から行きました。
For element 5, we listened to the audio. I had troubles with the PC, so I ended up demonstrating two or three ways to find the audio. It's not a video. There is only an audio track to listen to for this one.
要素 5 のために DVD のオーディオを聞きました。パソコンの問題があって、結局オーディオの聴き方２、３通り見せることができました。ビデオではありません。音源だけです。
It is a DVD, so it should be playable on a DVD player. If you are using a computer, you may see the opening screen automatically, or you may only see the disk's root folder/directory.
CD ではなく、 DVD ですので DVD プレイヤーで再生できるはずです。ただし、コンピュータを使って聞きたいなら、起動画面が自動的に出てくる場合もあれば出てこない場合もあるでしょう。出てこない場合は DVD 円盤の最上位（根・ルート）ディレクトリを見せられるだけでしょう。
Either way, if you see the opening screen, click it. Then you should see a menu screen. There should be a list of things to do on the bottom of the menu screen. Track 1.26 is an audio track.
開始画面が現れるとその画面をクリックしてください。クリックしたらメニュー画面が出てくるはずです。画面のしたに使い方（活動）のリストが並んでいるはずです。トラック 1.26 がその内のオーディオトラックです。
If you are on a computer and you don't see the opening screen, look at the file "readme.html" in the root directory of the DVD. That explains how to install Pearson Longman's player.
コンピュータを使っている場合は、開始画面が出てこない場合、ルートディレクトリの中にある "readme.html" というファイルを見てください。（英語ですけど。）ピアソンロングマンのプレイヤーソフトをインストールする方法について説明してくれるのです。
Or, if you understand file paths, the audio file is located here:
ファイルパス、というヤツがお分かりになるなら、オーディオファイルが以下のパスをたどれば現れてくるはずです。
/DATA/data/assets/audio/cd1track26.mp3
and you can play that with your music player or iTunes or MSWindows Media Player.
そのファイルは音楽プレイヤーでも、 iTunes 若しくは MS ウィンドーズメディアプレイヤーなどでもを使って再生できます。For element 6, I walked through the grammar for locating probability adverbs.
要素 6 では、確率を示す副詞の位置の文法を案内しました。
For element 7, we all tried our hand at writing some predictions in future mood.
要素 7 では、未来雰囲気に移って予測を書いてみました。
I'll post reviews of the material later.
後に資料の見直しを投稿します。
From the second hour, we dug into pages 45 and 46.
２時間目から p. 45-6 に入り込みました。
First, we talked about prefixes and suffixes and root words. Then we looked at want-ads and practiced writing our own. Finally, we looked at the ad for a fictional reality show based on people moving to a dream location and changing their lifestyles, and wrote mock applications to the program.
先ずは接頭辞と接尾辞を紹介しました。それからクラシファイド広告を見て自分の広告を書いてみました。最後に、作り事のリアリティ番組の募集広告を見て模擬申し込みを書いてみました。
Homework was to revise the want-ads and reality show applications, and you can send the homework by e-mail or bring it to class next time. (I already have the homework from three of you.)
宿題は広告と申し込みを見直すことでした。Eメールで送っていただいても構いませんし、次回の授業に持ってきてもいいです。（参院文をもう送っていただいています。）
I will post details for each segment of the class later. If I have time, I'll update this post with translations to Japanese, as well.
各部の詳細は後に投稿します。時間が取れるなら、本文も訳して更新します。
See you all next time.
次回までよろしく
Saturday, October 19, 2013
Being friendly to the environment
"Eco-friendly" is short for "ecology friendly", or "friendly to the environment".
"Eco-friendly" とは「環境親しい」か「環境友」か環境にやさしいことを言っているつもりです。
Some of the things we in the class are doing to be friendly to the environment:
クラスの人が環境に優しくしているところの幾つかです。
I sold my car to be more eco-friendly. (This was the teacher's example.)
環境友になるために車を売った。（先生の例でした。）
I often walk short distances, like two kilometers.
２キロメートル以下のような短距離なら、よく歩くことにします。
I often use public transportation.
公共交通手段をよく利用します。
At the check-out register, I say, “No plastic bags, please.”
レジのところ、「レジ袋はいいです。要りません。」と言って通ります。
I separate garbage by type.
ゴミ分別します。
I turn off the lights and the air conditioner.
（照明器の）電気を消してエアコンを切ります。
I use the water from the tub, instead of the shower.
シャワを使わず、浴槽の水を使います。
(This one may need cultural explanations, particularly about the use of the bucket.)
（お風呂の文化、特におけの使い方についての説明が必要かも知れません。）
I turn the water temperature down two degrees.
お湯の温度を２度引き下げます。
I re-use plastic bottles.
ペットボトルを再利用します。
I often take walks.
よく散歩に出かけます。
I help other people when I can.
できるだけ人を助けることにします。
Notes:
解釈
"Pet bottle" is not English. "Plastic bottle" is the usual term for "polyurethane bottle".
「ペットボトル」は英語になりません。ペットボトルは普通、「プラスチックボトル」のように言います。
"Eco-friendly" とは「環境親しい」か「環境友」か環境にやさしいことを言っているつもりです。
Some of the things we in the class are doing to be friendly to the environment:
クラスの人が環境に優しくしているところの幾つかです。
I sold my car to be more eco-friendly. (This was the teacher's example.)
環境友になるために車を売った。（先生の例でした。）
I often walk short distances, like two kilometers.
２キロメートル以下のような短距離なら、よく歩くことにします。
I often use public transportation.
公共交通手段をよく利用します。
At the check-out register, I say, “No plastic bags, please.”
レジのところ、「レジ袋はいいです。要りません。」と言って通ります。
I separate garbage by type.
ゴミ分別します。
I turn off the lights and the air conditioner.
（照明器の）電気を消してエアコンを切ります。
I use the water from the tub, instead of the shower.
シャワを使わず、浴槽の水を使います。
(This one may need cultural explanations, particularly about the use of the bucket.)
（お風呂の文化、特におけの使い方についての説明が必要かも知れません。）
I turn the water temperature down two degrees.
お湯の温度を２度引き下げます。
I re-use plastic bottles.
ペットボトルを再利用します。
I often take walks.
よく散歩に出かけます。
I help other people when I can.
できるだけ人を助けることにします。
Notes:
解釈
"Pet bottle" is not English. "Plastic bottle" is the usual term for "polyurethane bottle".
「ペットボトル」は英語になりません。ペットボトルは普通、「プラスチックボトル」のように言います。
Wednesday, October 16, 2013
Outline of 1st Fall Session Lesson (October 12th, 2013) (update 2)
After we took care of the textbooks, we all took turns at introducing ourselves.
This session, we have quite a range and scope of English abilities. This is a good thing, because we can help each other. Helping others with English is a good way to learn more English.
今回のセッション、広い範囲のいろんなレベルの英語能力を持っている人がいます。これは素晴らしいことです。お互いに助けあったりはできます。人の英語勉強を助けて上げる事は自分がもっと英語に発達できるもう一つの良い方法です。
[これからの解釈は後に足していきます。]
After personal introductions, we worked on the article on pages 42-43, about how improving our ecological relationship with the environment may affect our lifestyles in the future. I asked for some examples of things in our lives we have changed to be more friendly to the environment.
自己紹介の後は 42~43ページを参考に環境との関係を改善することは将来の生き方をどう帰るかについて話しました。皆から、環境との関係を改善するために自分の慣習をどう変えてきているかを聞きました。幾つかの実例を上げてもらいました。
After some discussion and English practice, we tried to listen to to track 1.26, so we could answer the questions in element 4. I need to bring my own speakers, I guess. Anyway, we couldn't get enough volume, so this became homework.
若干の話と練習してから、 DVD のトラック１の26を聞いて要素４の問題を解こうと思いましたが、今度は別の外部スピーカを持って来る必要あるらしい。音量が不十分でこれを宿題にしました。
So, please listen to track 1-26 on the DVD and answer the questions in element 4 on page 43 for homework. We'll check the answers during the next lesson.
それで、宿題として DVD のトラック１の 26 を聞いて、43ページの要素の問題をやって来てください。授業の間に答え合わせします。
You can read the English text for track 1-26 on page 89.
トラック１の 26 の文章を 89 ページで読んでいただけます。
Then we looked at the houses and their descriptions on p. 44.
それから 44 ページの家とその説明を見ました。
(It looks like the motor home has a human motor.)
（モーターホームのモーターは人間だったらしい、ね。）
We also looked at compound words used in the lesson, checking the meanings and pronunciations. Note that the pronunciation, especially the accented syllables, changes for compound words. You can listen to them on track 1-27 on the DVD.
レッスン内の複合単語を見て、意味と発音を確認しました。単語の発音は、複合になると変化を受けることに気をつけてください。 DVD のトラック１の 27 で複合単語の発音を確認できます。
I also asked you to pick up more homework -- elements 5, 6, and 7 on p. 43. These are a little hard, and I'll explain why later. For now, please give them a try.
もう一つの宿題を頼みました。 43 ページの要素 5, 6, 及び 7 をやってみてください。少し難しいに思われるでしょうけど、後に説明します。とりあえず、やってみて来て下さい。
Then we talked about homework, and that was the two hours for the day.
宿題についてもう少し話して、２時間になっていて、それで終わりました。
Don't forget that class next time is three hours, starting a half-hour earlier and ending a half-hour later. This will be the regular time until the last class.
忘れないで下さい。次回は３０分早くから始まり、更に３０分長くまで延長して、あわせて３です。これから３時間の授業となります。
This session, we have quite a range and scope of English abilities. This is a good thing, because we can help each other. Helping others with English is a good way to learn more English.
今回のセッション、広い範囲のいろんなレベルの英語能力を持っている人がいます。これは素晴らしいことです。お互いに助けあったりはできます。人の英語勉強を助けて上げる事は自分がもっと英語に発達できるもう一つの良い方法です。
[これからの解釈は後に足していきます。]
After personal introductions, we worked on the article on pages 42-43, about how improving our ecological relationship with the environment may affect our lifestyles in the future. I asked for some examples of things in our lives we have changed to be more friendly to the environment.
自己紹介の後は 42~43ページを参考に環境との関係を改善することは将来の生き方をどう帰るかについて話しました。皆から、環境との関係を改善するために自分の慣習をどう変えてきているかを聞きました。幾つかの実例を上げてもらいました。
After some discussion and English practice, we tried to listen to to track 1.26, so we could answer the questions in element 4. I need to bring my own speakers, I guess. Anyway, we couldn't get enough volume, so this became homework.
若干の話と練習してから、 DVD のトラック１の26を聞いて要素４の問題を解こうと思いましたが、今度は別の外部スピーカを持って来る必要あるらしい。音量が不十分でこれを宿題にしました。
So, please listen to track 1-26 on the DVD and answer the questions in element 4 on page 43 for homework. We'll check the answers during the next lesson.
それで、宿題として DVD のトラック１の 26 を聞いて、43ページの要素の問題をやって来てください。授業の間に答え合わせします。
You can read the English text for track 1-26 on page 89.
トラック１の 26 の文章を 89 ページで読んでいただけます。
Then we looked at the houses and their descriptions on p. 44.
それから 44 ページの家とその説明を見ました。
(It looks like the motor home has a human motor.)
（モーターホームのモーターは人間だったらしい、ね。）
We also looked at compound words used in the lesson, checking the meanings and pronunciations. Note that the pronunciation, especially the accented syllables, changes for compound words. You can listen to them on track 1-27 on the DVD.
レッスン内の複合単語を見て、意味と発音を確認しました。単語の発音は、複合になると変化を受けることに気をつけてください。 DVD のトラック１の 27 で複合単語の発音を確認できます。
I also asked you to pick up more homework -- elements 5, 6, and 7 on p. 43. These are a little hard, and I'll explain why later. For now, please give them a try.
もう一つの宿題を頼みました。 43 ページの要素 5, 6, 及び 7 をやってみてください。少し難しいに思われるでしょうけど、後に説明します。とりあえず、やってみて来て下さい。
Then we talked about homework, and that was the two hours for the day.
宿題についてもう少し話して、２時間になっていて、それで終わりました。
Don't forget that class next time is three hours, starting a half-hour earlier and ending a half-hour later. This will be the regular time until the last class.
忘れないで下さい。次回は３０分早くから始まり、更に３０分長くまで延長して、あわせて３です。これから３時間の授業となります。
Friday, September 6, 2013
Hints on taking tests -- 受験の秘訣
(I don't have time to write this all at once. I'll be re-writing it a bit at a time. It will be irregularly updated.)
（一発でこれを書き終える暇が無いので不定期的に少しずつ書いていきます。常に更新あり、と考えてください。）
Remember -- この点を覚えておきましょう！
ーーーーーーーーー
Tests are sometimes given to "weed out" test takers who "aren't good enough". If that is the stated purpose of the test, and if you really must take the test, ignore that stated reason. Thinking about it won't help you.
時にはテストさせる理由は「淘汰」と言われることがあります。すなわち、受験者をより分けて、「相応しくない」ものどもを「切り捨てる」ためだ、といわれる。もし向かっている試験はそういう目的だと言われているなら、その言われている目的を無視しましょう。「淘汰」や「より分け」何か考えても仕方ないものです。そんな考えで助かったことはありません。無視するのです。
試験が予定に入っていると続けて集中しやすくなります。
It's not good if you get scared of the test and freeze, of course. But the test can be a good excuse when you need a good excuse not to wander off and go partying with your friends.
もちろん、テストのせいで怖くなって動かなくなったりするのは良くないでしょう。しかし、友だちと遊びに行くのを止める理由が欲しいときはテストが良い理由として役立つのです。
Comparing yourself to others is not good. Checking your progress against an impossible goal is evil. But a test can show you that you have moved ahead from where you were a month or a year ago.
人に比較されるのよくない。不可能な目標に対して自分の進歩を診断しようとアカン。それでも、試験の結果を見て自分が先月よりも、去年よりもできるようになってきているのが見えたら、本当に進んでいることがわかる。
And the test itself can be a method and opportunity for studying. Bringing the things you've put into your head back out helps them stay in your head, and helps you find them again the next time.
試験は実はもう一つの勉強法です。また、勉強の機会です。脳に入れたものを掘り出すのは、その学んだ点が頭に残る助けになります。次回も掘り出さなアカンときは脳から探りやすくなります。
But you also find yourself understanding new things because of the test, if the test is constructed well.
それに、試験の構成が良くできていると、試験のおかげで、ものが新しく理解できるようになることもよくあります。
Plan for the test like you would plan for a mountain climb. If the object is to just to finish the climb, you might wonder why you should bother. You just end up back home. Okay, you have memories of the view at the top, if it's not too cloudy, but picture postcards are cheap.
当山の旅を計画すると同じように試験を計画しましょう。終わるだけが目的だったら、どうしてわざわざしんどい道に乗るかな？終わるのは家に持っただけです。まあ、山の天辺からの形式（曇っていなかった場合）の思い出はできるけど、絵葉書が安い、よ。
The object is the climb, to test yourself, to strengthen yourself, to learn. And to get back safely, of course.
目的は当山そのものです。当山の道に乗って自分を試みること、自分を鍛えること、また、学ぶことです。やはり、無事に戻ることもありますが。
Read the instructions. Yes, take the time.
説明と指示を読みましょう。いや、時間の無駄遣いではありません。
Here are the things you want to know from the instructions:
指示かる知りたいことは以下のようなものです。
Together with the number of questions and the amount of time alloted for each section, you can get a better idea where and how to focus your efforts. In particular, if the time per section is not enforced, you will need to check the clock periodically to see when it's time to drop the current section and move on.
You should understand that you should expect any test that is worth your taking will to more questions than you can finish. There are exceptions, particularly when test problems themselves are open-ended -- essay questions or performance tests and such.
Sections with open-ended questions will have relatively few questions for several reasons. One is the time it takes to answer such questions properly. Another is the time it takes to assess and grade the answers. The most important reason is that the open-ended test has no absolute high score. There is room for the test taker to assert his or her own ability. Answer accordingly, but check your time.
You should never really expect to ace a test. The primary value in acing a test is a score, and what does a person who wants to know something about you learn from a high score? Maybe you cheated? Maybe you deliberately took a class that was too easy?
Okay, maybe it was a required class. But high scores are not worth near the press they are given.
Consider whether you lose points for wrong answers. If the instructions tell you not to guess, or if you lose points for guessing, you shouldn't guess.
Otherwise, go ahead and guess. Guessing is actually one way to help you learn things.
If you try to game the test too much, the resulting evaluation will likely become less accurate, and you lose part of the value of the test. You should try cooperate somewhat with the test creators and administrators unless you are taking the test against your will.
(I'll note here that some tests are constructed in the assumption that the test will be gamed. I have my doubts about the value of such tests. Making homework a game can be interesting, but making the tests something to be gamed is just inviting confusion.)
Tests are not God. Passing a test is not automatic entrance into Shangri-La (or the Seventh Heaven or the Celestial Kingdom or whatever). Failing a test is not automatic entrance to hell. Life continues on, with more chances for learning and testing.
A test is just a chance to evaluate yourself, a chance to build some mental muscles, and a reason to study.
（一発でこれを書き終える暇が無いので不定期的に少しずつ書いていきます。常に更新あり、と考えてください。）
Remember -- この点を覚えておきましょう！
- Understand the purpose of the test. 試験の存在する理由・受ける理由を理解しましょう。
- Pace yourself. 自分の拍子と進み具合を合わせましょう。
- The test is not God. 試験は神であるはずはない。
ーーーーーーーーー
Understand the purpose of the test.
テストの目的を理解しましょう。
Tests are sometimes given to "weed out" test takers who "aren't good enough". If that is the stated purpose of the test, and if you really must take the test, ignore that stated reason. Thinking about it won't help you.
時にはテストさせる理由は「淘汰」と言われることがあります。すなわち、受験者をより分けて、「相応しくない」ものどもを「切り捨てる」ためだ、といわれる。もし向かっている試験はそういう目的だと言われているなら、その言われている目的を無視しましょう。「淘汰」や「より分け」何か考えても仕方ないものです。そんな考えで助かったことはありません。無視するのです。
Valid reasons for tests テストの妥当な理由:
- Motivation. やる気付け。
- Evaluation, mostly self-evaluation. 評価、だけど自己評価。
- Skills improvement, training. 自己啓発。
試験が予定に入っていると続けて集中しやすくなります。
It's not good if you get scared of the test and freeze, of course. But the test can be a good excuse when you need a good excuse not to wander off and go partying with your friends.
もちろん、テストのせいで怖くなって動かなくなったりするのは良くないでしょう。しかし、友だちと遊びに行くのを止める理由が欲しいときはテストが良い理由として役立つのです。
Comparing yourself to others is not good. Checking your progress against an impossible goal is evil. But a test can show you that you have moved ahead from where you were a month or a year ago.
人に比較されるのよくない。不可能な目標に対して自分の進歩を診断しようとアカン。それでも、試験の結果を見て自分が先月よりも、去年よりもできるようになってきているのが見えたら、本当に進んでいることがわかる。
And the test itself can be a method and opportunity for studying. Bringing the things you've put into your head back out helps them stay in your head, and helps you find them again the next time.
試験は実はもう一つの勉強法です。また、勉強の機会です。脳に入れたものを掘り出すのは、その学んだ点が頭に残る助けになります。次回も掘り出さなアカンときは脳から探りやすくなります。
But you also find yourself understanding new things because of the test, if the test is constructed well.
それに、試験の構成が良くできていると、試験のおかげで、ものが新しく理解できるようになることもよくあります。
ーーーーーーー
Pace yourself. 進み具合を調節しましょう。
Plan for the test like you would plan for a mountain climb. If the object is to just to finish the climb, you might wonder why you should bother. You just end up back home. Okay, you have memories of the view at the top, if it's not too cloudy, but picture postcards are cheap.
当山の旅を計画すると同じように試験を計画しましょう。終わるだけが目的だったら、どうしてわざわざしんどい道に乗るかな？終わるのは家に持っただけです。まあ、山の天辺からの形式（曇っていなかった場合）の思い出はできるけど、絵葉書が安い、よ。
The object is the climb, to test yourself, to strengthen yourself, to learn. And to get back safely, of course.
目的は当山そのものです。当山の道に乗って自分を試みること、自分を鍛えること、また、学ぶことです。やはり、無事に戻ることもありますが。
Read the instructions. Yes, take the time.
説明と指示を読みましょう。いや、時間の無駄遣いではありません。
Here are the things you want to know from the instructions:
指示かる知りたいことは以下のようなものです。
- What the purpose of each section the test is; 試験の各セクションの目的、
- How much time you have for each section; 各セクションの時間割り付け、
- How many questions there are in each section; 各セクションの問題数、
- Whether you are allowed to return and check your answers; 見直しが許されるかどうか、
- How answers are scored. 祭典の基準。
Together with the number of questions and the amount of time alloted for each section, you can get a better idea where and how to focus your efforts. In particular, if the time per section is not enforced, you will need to check the clock periodically to see when it's time to drop the current section and move on.
You should understand that you should expect any test that is worth your taking will to more questions than you can finish. There are exceptions, particularly when test problems themselves are open-ended -- essay questions or performance tests and such.
Sections with open-ended questions will have relatively few questions for several reasons. One is the time it takes to answer such questions properly. Another is the time it takes to assess and grade the answers. The most important reason is that the open-ended test has no absolute high score. There is room for the test taker to assert his or her own ability. Answer accordingly, but check your time.
You should never really expect to ace a test. The primary value in acing a test is a score, and what does a person who wants to know something about you learn from a high score? Maybe you cheated? Maybe you deliberately took a class that was too easy?
Okay, maybe it was a required class. But high scores are not worth near the press they are given.
Consider whether you lose points for wrong answers. If the instructions tell you not to guess, or if you lose points for guessing, you shouldn't guess.
Otherwise, go ahead and guess. Guessing is actually one way to help you learn things.
If you try to game the test too much, the resulting evaluation will likely become less accurate, and you lose part of the value of the test. You should try cooperate somewhat with the test creators and administrators unless you are taking the test against your will.
(I'll note here that some tests are constructed in the assumption that the test will be gamed. I have my doubts about the value of such tests. Making homework a game can be interesting, but making the tests something to be gamed is just inviting confusion.)
Tests are not God. Passing a test is not automatic entrance into Shangri-La (or the Seventh Heaven or the Celestial Kingdom or whatever). Failing a test is not automatic entrance to hell. Life continues on, with more chances for learning and testing.
A test is just a chance to evaluate yourself, a chance to build some mental muscles, and a reason to study.
Final summer class outline
I explained the rules and procedures for the mini-debates again.
小型ディベートのルールと順序をもう一度説明しました。
Before ww started, we took some time to prepare some more.
始める前にまたもうちょっとの準備の時間を設けた。
We held two mini-debates (first, second), but we didn't have time for summaries in the second one.
二回分のミニディベート（一回分、二回分）を行ったが、二回目のディベートにはまとめの時間がなかった。
As a practice debate, it went well. Of course, it was not a real debate, and I ignored the rules so we could practice English.
もちろん、本当のディベートの形式に従わなかったし、英語の練習を優先にしてルールを無視したこともあったが、練習用のディベートとしてはまあまあよかった。
See, for instance, wikipedia's entry on debates, in Japanese or English, for more information on real debates.
本来のディベートについて、ウィキペディアなどで参考できます。英語も日本語も説明文あります。
After the mini-debates, I gave a little pep-talk about taking the tests. I'm not sure how much use that was.
ミニディベートの後は試験の受け方についてちょっと応援のつもりで説明をしました。役立つ説教だったかどうかわかりません。
The tests will have the following sections:
受験の秘訣は幾つかありますが、一番大事なのは、ペースを合わせることと、試験は神であると思わないこと。
We hope you are feeling better now, M--.
小型ディベートのルールと順序をもう一度説明しました。
- We flipped a coin to choose the starting side. コイントスで始めるチームを決めた。
- Each side got to give two points for their side. それぞれのチームが自分の方を支える点を２点ずつ発表しました。
- Each side got time to rebut, or give counterpoints. それぞれのチームが発表の点に対して反論を発表しました。
- Each side got time to summarize. そしてそれぞれのチームが自分側の議論をまとめました。
Before ww started, we took some time to prepare some more.
始める前にまたもうちょっとの準備の時間を設けた。
We held two mini-debates (first, second), but we didn't have time for summaries in the second one.
二回分のミニディベート（一回分、二回分）を行ったが、二回目のディベートにはまとめの時間がなかった。
As a practice debate, it went well. Of course, it was not a real debate, and I ignored the rules so we could practice English.
もちろん、本当のディベートの形式に従わなかったし、英語の練習を優先にしてルールを無視したこともあったが、練習用のディベートとしてはまあまあよかった。
See, for instance, wikipedia's entry on debates, in Japanese or English, for more information on real debates.
本来のディベートについて、ウィキペディアなどで参考できます。英語も日本語も説明文あります。
After the mini-debates, I gave a little pep-talk about taking the tests. I'm not sure how much use that was.
ミニディベートの後は試験の受け方についてちょっと応援のつもりで説明をしました。役立つ説教だったかどうかわかりません。
The tests will have the following sections:
- Listening (photographs, question/response, short conversations, short talks)
- Reading (incomplete sentences, text completion, single passage & double passage reading comprehension)
- 聞き取り（写真、質問・答え、短い対話、短い話）45分
- 読み取り（未完成文章を補う、文書の空欄を埋める、短文と長文の解読）75分
受験の秘訣は幾つかありますが、一番大事なのは、ペースを合わせることと、試験は神であると思わないこと。
We hope you are feeling better now, M--.
The second mini-debate on August 31st (un-edited)
Points for the country:
Counter-points for the country:
Counter-points for the city:
No time for summary.
The country has good points.
- First the air is clear and clean.
- Second, we can see the beautiful stars at night.
- The city can hold a lot of stage performances and concerts.
- The city is very convenient.
Counter-points for the country:
- People in the country have TV and families get along very well, so we don't need many concerts.
- The city is convenient, but it doesn't have nature. People can't contact with nature.
Counter-points for the city:
- In the city, we can use machines to clean the air inside the buildings.
- If I go to the planetarium, I can see the beautiful stars.
No time for summary.
The first mini-debate on August 31st (un-edited)
Points for the city:
Counterpoints/rebuttals for the city:
Summary for the city:
- The city has fewer bugs than the country.
- The city is very convenient.
- People in the country have warm hearts.
- Land in the country is wide and property prices are reasonable.
Counterpoints/rebuttals for the city:
- People in the city are kind, too.
- Property is expensive in the city, but quality is high.
- Walking is good for the health.
- It is relaxing to touch nature.
Summary for the city:
- Living in the city means being around more stores, people, and jobs, and having shorter distances to travel.
- Cities are better for getting jobs because big companies are always situated in big cities.
- The country is more inconvenient than the city for transportation, so you can walk more, and that's good for your health.
- The country has more living things, which helps us relax. So we want to live in the country.
Saturday, August 31, 2013
Comparatives and superlatives from last week. -- 先週の比較級・最上級
Five fundamental comparative/superlative sets:
比較級及び最上級の基本単語の五セット
比較級及び最上級の基本単語の五セット
- some, more, most
- some, less, least
- good, better, best
- well, better, best
- bad, worse, worst
Examples 例文 :
- China is the biggest country in population.
- I don't remember what is harder than diamond.
(I checked, and the hardest materials are still all types of diamond.)
（調べてから分かったことですが、物理的に一番硬いものは皆ダイアモンドの種類です。）
We read "Why not move to ... Santiago, Chile?" and found comparatives and superlatives.
Note: "fed up": 「まずい餌を食わしてもらって、いっぱい！」つまり、「もう、たくさん！」というようなうんざりした気持ちと表現です。
The exercise in element 12:
- Russia is the biggest country in the world, in land area.
- Some people think Russia is one of the most interesting countries in the world.
- Big seats on and airplane are more comfortable than small seats.
- Which airline do you think has better service -- JAL Japan Airlines, or LOT Polish Airlines?
- Are people now more friendly than before?
- Is Hokkaido as cold as Moscow?
- Is Bigos the most delicious food in Poland?
- Which half of Warsaw is older? And where is the oldest part?
About question 8, we often talk about the newer part of a city versus the older part. Because there are implicitly two parts, we use the comparative rather than the superlative. This is not an absolute rule, however, so "the oldest part of the city" is not wrong.
問８に関しては、ある街を新町と古町の二つに別けて考えています。その場合は二つを比べるので最上級ではなく、比較級を使います。ただし、これは絶対的なルールではないのでここで "the oldest part of the city" を使っては間違いではない。
Note: "speciality" is the British form, "specialty" the American form. 得意、自慢の品
Examples from class for element 13a:
You won't find anywhere hotter than Houston, Texas.
The streets [there] are not as clean as [the streets] in some cities.
New York has a reputation for being more expensive than other cities.
You won't find anywhere taller than the Sky Tree.
The Vatican is not as big as some cities.
You won't find anywhere smaller than The Vatican city state.
Singapore has a reputation for being cleaner than other cities.
Osaka City is not as hot as some cities.
Friday, August 30, 2013
Reviewing comparatives -- 比較級を復習 (updated)
Comparative grammar has two parts, the "more" part and the "than" part.
比較級の文法に二つの部分があります。つまり、 "more" の文と "than" の文です。
"More" means a greater number or measure.
"More" とは多い方の数や量を示している。「もっと」と訳して良い。
"Than" indicates the object of comparison, the lesser part.
"Than" とは比べられた方です。つまり、数や量の少ない方です。「より」と訳して良いけど、置く位置が日本語と逆です。
"More" can be used with adjectives:
比較級の文法に二つの部分があります。つまり、 "more" の文と "than" の文です。
"More" means a greater number or measure.
"More" とは多い方の数や量を示している。「もっと」と訳して良い。
"Than" indicates the object of comparison, the lesser part.
"Than" とは比べられた方です。つまり、数や量の少ない方です。「より」と訳して良いけど、置く位置が日本語と逆です。
- more cheese もっとチーズ
- more cheese than sausage ソーセージより、もっとチーズ
Let's put those in sentences:
- Please put more cheese on my pizza. 私のピザにチーズをもっと多くつけてください。
- I want more cheese than sausage. チーズをソーセージよりも多くつけてほしい。
"More" can be used with adjectives:
- more tall もっと（背の）高い
- more short もっと（背の）短い
- more heavy もっと重たい
- more light もっと軽い
- more interesting もっと興味を起こす（興味有る）
- more fun もっと面白くて楽しい
- more funny もっと可笑しくて面白い
- more disgusting もっと嫌でむかつく
And also with adverbs:
- more quickly もっと素早く
- more slowly もっとゆっくりと
- more carefully もっと念を入れて
Many relatively short adjectives can be combined with "more":
- taller
- shorter
- heavier
- lighter
interestinger(too long and clumsy)（長くて言いにくい）- funner (*Preferred form is "more fun".) （普段の形は "more fun" です。）
- funnier
disgustinger(too long and clumsy)（長くて言いにくい）quicklier(adverbs don't) （副詞はできません。）- quicker もっと素早い
slowlier(adverbs don't) （副詞はできません。）- slower もっとゆっくりした
carefullier(adverbs don't) （副詞はできません。）carefuller(too long and clumsy)（長くて言いにくい）- more careful もっと注意深い
The shorter form is usually preferred. In the case of "fun", there can be confusion with "funny", so "more fun" is usually preferred.
大抵は短い方が優先されるけど、"fun" の場合は "funny" との矛盾が生じるので "more fun" の方を普段に使っています。
When we need to compare things, we add "than (something)".
比べるときは "than (何とか)" を取り付けます。
- taller than Mount Fuji 富士山よりも高い
- shorter than my thumb ボクの親指よりも短い
- heavier than water 水よりも重たい
- lighter than air 空気よりも軽い
- more interesting than Wikipedia ウィキペディアよりも面白い
- more fun than a barrel of monkeys バレルに入れたお猿さん一族よりも楽しく面白い
- funnier than Joel's jokes ジョエルの冗談よりも可笑しくて面白い
- more disgusting than natto 納豆よりも嫌でむかつく
- more quickly than a gnat jumps ブトが跳ぶよりも素早く
- quicker than a bolt of lightening 落雷が落ちるよりも早い
- more slowly than a glacier flows 氷山が流れるよりも遅く
- slower than a snail カタツムリよりも遅い
- more carefully than a surgeon works 外科が手術を行うよりも念を入れて
- more careful than Doctor Jack ジャック先生よりも注意深く
Comparative phrases may or may not be used as a unit.
比較文は一塊として使うこともあるけどバラバラになる場合もあります。
- Joel is not taller than Mount Fuji.
- Your pencil is shorter than my thumb.
- How can a ship that is heavier than water float?
- Balloons filled with helium are lighter than air.
- I can think of something more interesting to do than read Wikipedia .
- This new video game is more fun than a barrel of monkeys.
- Joel's website is no funnier than his jokes.
- Junko says there are many things more disgusting to eat than natto.
- When the teacher came in, Jiro jumped up more quickly than a gnat.
- Bolt is quicker than a bolt of lightening.
- Joel's English classes flow more slowly than a glacier.
- My new car is slower than a snail.
- He cut into the circuit board more carefully than a surgeon.
- It may be hard to find a more careful doctor than Doctor Jack.
"Less" uses similar grammar to "more".
"Less" は "more" にちなんだ利用法です。
- less tall
- less short
- less heavy
- less light
- less interesting
- less fun
- less funny
- less disgusting
- less quickly
- less quick
- less slowly
- less slow
- less carefully
- less careful
Again, finally, the comparative forms of "good", "well", and "bad" are irregular. "Good" and "well" become "better", and "bad" becomes "worse":
また、最後に、"good"、 "well"、 及び "worse" の比較級が不規則です。"Good" も "well" も "better" に、 "bad" は "worse" に変わります。
また、最後に、"good"、 "well"、 及び "worse" の比較級が不規則です。"Good" も "well" も "better" に、 "bad" は "worse" に変わります。
- I did well on the test. But my friend John did better than I. My friend Henry did worse.
- The tuna sushi is good. The squid sushi is even better.
- Which did she think was worse, the natto donuts or the natto cheesecake?
- She said she thought the natto cheesecake tasted worse than the natto donuts.
That makes a pretty complete list of examples.
これで例文を充分に並べたと思います。
これで例文を充分に並べたと思います。
Thursday, August 29, 2013
Reviewing superlatives -- 最上級を復習 (updated)
The key for superlatives is "most". "Most" by itself means the greatest number or measure:
最上級の秘訣は "most" です。単独にしては "most" は一番多い、最上の数及び量を示している。
It can also be used with adjectives:
形容詞に合わせることも可能です。
- most people 人のもっとも多い（数）
- most money お金のもっとも多い（量）
- most ideas 発想のもっとも多い（量）
It can also be used with adjectives:
形容詞に合わせることも可能です。
- most tall もっとも（背の）高い
- most short もっとも（背の）短い
- most heavy もっとも重たい
- most light もっとも軽い
- most interesting もっとも興味を起こす（興味有る）
- most fun もっとも面白くて楽しい
- most funny もっとも可笑しい
- most disgusting もっとも嫌がらせる（嫌な）
And it can be used with adverbs:
また、副詞に合わせることもできます。
- most quickly もっとも素早く
- most slowly もっともゆっくりと
- most carefully もっとも注意深く
Many relatively short adjectives combine with most:
まあまあ短い形容詞の多くは "most" と組み合わせることができます。
- tallest
- shortest
- heaviest
- lightest
interestingest(too long and clumsy)（長くて言いにくい）- funnest (*Preferred form is "most fun".) （普段の形は "most fun" です。）
- funniest
disgustingest(too long and clumsy)（長くて言いにくい）quickliest(adverbs don't) （副詞はできません。）- quickest もっとも素早い
slowliest(adverbs don't) （副詞はできません。）- slowest もっともゆっくりした
carefulliest(adverbs don't) （副詞はできません。）carefullest(too long and clumsy)（長くて言いにくい）- most careful もっとも注意深い
The shorter form is usually preferred. In the case of "fun", there can be confusion with "funny", so "most fun" is usually preferred.
大抵は短い方が優先されるけど、"fun" の場合は "funny" との矛盾が生じるので "most fun" の方を普段に使っています。
To make the superlative truly unique, we indicate it with "the":
唯一の最上空であると指定したい時は "the" を使って指摘します。
- the tallest tower in the world
- the shortest river in Japan
- the heaviest airplane in the air
- the lightest car on the road
- the most interesting subject at school
- the most fun way to spend a Saturday
- the funniest comedienne in the school
- the most disgusting food that she had ever eaten
- run the most quickly (or, run the quickest)
- walk the most slowly (or, walk the slowest )
- set the table the most carefully
The superlative phrase is generally used as a unit:
最上級の文は一般的に一塊として使えます。
- Is Sky Tree the tallest tower in the world?
- What is the name of the shortest river in Japan?
- I read a magazine article about the heaviest airplane in the air today.
- Three automobile manufactures announced a competition to design the lightest car on the road.
- English is not the most interesting subject at school for me.
- But English class is the most fun way to spend a Saturday.
- Junko is the funniest comedienne in the school.
- She said that natto was the most disgusting food that she had ever eaten.
- Harumi ran the most quickly to the goal line.
- Joel walked the slowest of all.
- Chieko set her table the most carefully.
There is an inverse superlative, but the grammar for it is simpler. "Less" never combines:
最低級と言える形もあります。最上級よりも簡単です。組み合わせても別々の単語です。
最低級と言える形もあります。最上級よりも簡単です。組み合わせても別々の単語です。
- least tall
- least short
- least heavy
- least light
- least interesting
- least fun
- least funny
- least disgusting
- least quickly
- least slowly
- least carefully
And, finally, "good" and "well" are irregular in their combined form, the superlative of both is "best".
最後に、 "good" も "well" も組み合わせた形には不規則なのに、双方の最上級は "best" になります。
ところで、 "bad" も最上級が不規則にして "worst" となります。
Mark is my most interesting friend. He is also my best friend.I guess I should also mention "bad" which is also irregular in the superlative form -- "worst".
ところで、 "bad" も最上級が不規則にして "worst" となります。
I had the worst nightmare last night. （"nightmare" == 「悪夢」）
I think these are the basics of superlatives.
これが最上級の基本とボクは思っています。
これが最上級の基本とボクは思っています。
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